Journal Article

Remote reefs and seamounts are the last refuges for marine predators across the Indo-Pacific

Fernandes, Marjorie C., Turner, Jemma, Koldewey, Heather J., Mouillot, David, Letessier, Tom B., Vigliola, Laurent, Friedlander, Alan, Maire, Eva, Juhel, Jean-Baptiste, Bouchet, Phil J., Boussarie, Germain, Meeuwig, Jessica J., Sala, Enric, Thompson, Chris, Caley, M. Julian

2019

Overview

Since the 1950s, industrial fisheries have expanded globally, as fishing vessels are required to travel further afield for fishing opportunities. Technological advancements and fishery subsidies have granted ever-increasing access to populations of sharks, tunas, billfishes, and other predators. Wilderness refuges, defined here as areas beyond the detectable range of human influence, are therefore increasingly rare. In order to achieve marine resources sustainability, large no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) with pelagic components are being implemented. However, such conservation efforts require knowledge of the critical habitats for predators, both across shallow reefs and the deeper ocean. Here, we fill this gap in knowledge across the Indo-Pacific by using 1,041 midwater baited videos to survey sharks and other pelagic predators such as rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata), mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), and black marlin (Istiompax indica). We modeled three key predator community attributes: vertebrate species richness, mean maximum body size, and shark abundance as a function of geomorphology, environmental conditions, and human pressures. All attributes were primarily driven by geomorphology (35%-62% variance explained) and environmental conditions (14%-49%). While human pressures had no influence on species richness, both body size and shark abundance responded strongly to distance to human markets (12%-20%). Refuges were identified at more than 1,250 km from human markets for body size and for shark abundance. These refuges were identified as remote and shallow seabed features, such as seamounts, submerged banks, and reefs. Worryingly, hotpots of large individuals and of shark abundance are presently under-represented within no-take MPAs that aim to effectively protect marine predators, such as the British Indian Ocean Territory. Population recovery of predators is unlikely to occur without strategic placement and effective enforcement of large no-take MPAs in both coastal and remote locations.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Abundance / Animals / Aquatic Organisms - growth & development / Biodiversity and Ecology / Biology and Life Sciences / Body Size / Conservation of Natural Resources - methods / Coral Reefs / Distribution / Earth Sciences / Ecology / Ecology and Environmental Sciences / Ecology, environment / Economic conditions / Ecosystem / Ecosystem biology / Ecosystems / Elagatis bipinnulata / Environmental conditions / Environmental Sciences / Fish populations / Fisheries / Fishing / Fishing vessels / Food Supply - methods / Funding / Geography / Geomorphology / Global Changes / Human influences / Hypothesis testing / Istiompax indica / Life Sciences / Marine fauna / Marine protected areas / Marine resources / Markets / Medicine and Health Sciences / Natural resources / Ocean floor / Oceans / Pacific Ocean / Predators / Predatory animals / Predatory Behavior - physiology / Protected areas / Protection and preservation / Rainbows / Reefs / Seafood / Seamounts / Sharks / Species richness / Subsidies / Sustainability / Territory / Vertebrates / Wilderness