Journal Article

Longitudinal trajectories of muscle impairments in growing boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Vandekerckhove, Ines, Desloovere, Kaat, De Waele, Liesbeth, Molenberghs, Geert, Van den Hauwe, Marleen, Goemans, Nathalie, Dewit, Tijl, De Groote, Friedl, Van Campenhout, Anja

2025

Overview

Insights into the progression of muscle impairments in growing boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) remain incomplete due to the frequent oversight of normal maturation as a confounding factor, thereby restricting the delineation of sole pathological processes. To establish longitudinal trajectories for a comprehensive integrated set of muscle impairments, including muscle weakness, contractures and muscle size alterations, while correcting for normal maturation, in DMD. Thirty-three boys with DMD (aged 4.3-17 years) were included. Fixed dynamometry, goniometry, and 3D freehand ultrasound were used to repeatedly assess lower limb muscle strength, passive range of motion (ROM) and muscle size, resulting in 161, 178 and 64 assessments for the strength, ROM and ultrasound dataset, respectively. To account for natural strength development, ROM reduction, and muscle growth in growing children, muscle outcomes were converted to unit-less z-scores calculated in reference to typically developing (TD) peers. This allows the interpretation of the muscle outcomes as deficits or alterations with respect to TD. Mixed-effect models estimated the longitudinal change in muscle impairments. At 4.3-4.9 years of age, all muscle strength outcomes and several ROMs (i.e., dorsiflexion, hamstrings, and hip extension) showed deficits relative to TD, while m. medial gastrocnemius size was increased. Most muscle outcomes remained stable or slightly improved until the ages of 6.6-9.4 years (except knee flexion strength). After this period, muscle strength (-0.27 to -0.45 z-score/year; p < 0.0044), dorsiflexion ROM (-0.23 to -0.33 z-score/year; p < 0.0007), m. medial gastrocnemius size (-0.56 z-score/year; p = 0.0022), and m. rectus femoris size (-0.36 z-score/year; p = 0.0054) declined. The current study established longitudinal trajectories of muscle impairments in boys with DMD. The results provided enriched history data and revealed promising outcome measures that could enhance the detection of the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. Future studies are necessary to validate these outcomes.

• Publisher: Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subject: Adolescent / Age / Ankle / Atrophy / Biology and Life Sciences / Care and treatment / Child / Child, Preschool / Children / Children & youth / Demographic aspects / Diagnosis / Disability / Duchenne muscular dystrophy / Duchenne's muscular dystrophy / Dystrophy / Health aspects / Humans / Longitudinal Studies / Magnetic resonance imaging / Male / Maturation / Medicine and Health Sciences / Muscle strength / Muscle Strength - physiology / Muscle Weakness - physiopathology / Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging / Muscle, Skeletal - growth & development / Muscle, Skeletal - pathology / Muscle, Skeletal - physiopathology / Muscular dystrophy / Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne - diagnostic imaging / Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne - pathology / Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne - physiopathology / People and Places / Range of Motion, Articular - physiology / Research and Analysis Methods / Trajectories / Ultrasonic imaging / Ultrasonography / Ultrasound