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The in vivo structure of biological membranes and evidence for lipid domains
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Journal Article
The in vivo structure of biological membranes and evidence for lipid domains
2017
Overview
Examining the fundamental structure and processes of living cells at the nanoscale poses a unique analytical challenge, as cells are dynamic, chemically diverse, and fragile. A case in point is the cell membrane, which is too small to be seen directly with optical microscopy and provides little observational contrast for other methods. As a consequence, nanoscale characterization of the membrane has been performed ex vivo or in the presence of exogenous labels used to enhance contrast and impart specificity. Here, we introduce an isotopic labeling strategy in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis to investigate the nanoscale structure and organization of its plasma membrane in vivo. Through genetic and chemical manipulation of the organism, we labeled the cell and its membrane independently with specific amounts of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D). These isotopes have different neutron scattering properties without altering the chemical composition of the cells. From neutron scattering spectra, we confirmed that the B. subtilis cell membrane is lamellar and determined that its average hydrophobic thickness is 24.3 ± 0.9 Ångstroms (Å). Furthermore, by creating neutron contrast within the plane of the membrane using a mixture of H- and D-fatty acids, we detected lateral features smaller than 40 nm that are consistent with the notion of lipid rafts. These experiments-performed under biologically relevant conditions-answer long-standing questions in membrane biology and illustrate a fundamentally new approach for systematic in vivo investigations of cell membrane structure.
Publisher
Public Library of Science,Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subject
/ Bacillus subtilis - chemistry
/ Bacillus subtilis - drug effects
/ Bacillus subtilis - growth & development
/ Bacillus subtilis - metabolism
/ Bacterial Proteins - genetics
/ Bacterial Proteins - metabolism
/ Biology
/ Cell Membrane - drug effects
/ Editing
/ Enoyl-CoA Hydratase - genetics
/ Enoyl-CoA Hydratase - metabolism
/ Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors - pharmacology
/ Funding
/ Hydrogen
/ Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
/ Isotopes
/ Labels
/ Layoffs
/ Lipids
/ Medicine and Health Sciences
/ Membrane Microdomains - chemistry
/ Membrane Microdomains - drug effects
/ Membrane Microdomains - metabolism
/ Methods
/ Microbial Viability - drug effects
/ Neutrons
/ Rafts
/ Research and Analysis Methods
/ Spectra
/ Studies
/ Writing
