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Antifungal, Antibiofilm and Anticytotoxic Properties of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles Derived From Moringa oleifera Leaves Against Vaginal Candidiasis
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Antifungal, Antibiofilm and Anticytotoxic Properties of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles Derived From Moringa oleifera Leaves Against Vaginal Candidiasis
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Journal Article
Antifungal, Antibiofilm and Anticytotoxic Properties of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles Derived From Moringa oleifera Leaves Against Vaginal Candidiasis
2025
Overview
leaf extract can mediate green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized using
for antifungal, antibiofilm, and cytocompatibility effects in a vaginal-simulant medium.
CuO NPs were synthesized using
leaf extract and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, and EDX. 10
isolates and ATCC 90028 were screened for biofilm production; strong biofilm producers were selected for detailed testing. Antifungal activity (viability assays, MIC
, MIC
, MFC) and dose-response relationships were determined. Effects at sub-inhibitory concentrations on EPS production, cell-surface hydrophobicity, membrane permeability, ROS generation, germ tube formation, and biofilm formation/disruption were assessed. In vitro biocompatibility was evaluated by MTT assays on L929 fibroblasts, RAW 264.7 macrophages, MCF-12F epithelial cells, PBMCs, and by hemolysis assay.
CuO NPs produced a concentration-dependent reduction in
viability with high dose-response correlation
= 0.967-0.9779). MIC
, MIC
, and MFC values ranged 44.5-103 µg/mL (ATCC 90028: MIC
44.5 µg/mL, MIC
86.5 µg/mL, MFC 91 µg/mL;
6: MIC
51.5 µg/mL, MIC
79.5 µg/mL, MFC 103 µg/mL). At sub-inhibitory concentrations, CuO NPs reduced EPS production and cell-surface hydrophobicity, increased membrane permeability and ROS generation, inhibited germ tube formation, and limited biofilm formation and integrity. Biocompatibility testing showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and macrophages at higher doses, relative tolerance of MCF-12F cells, low hemolysis, and acceptable PBMC viability at lower concentrations.
-mediated CuO NPs exhibit potent in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activity against
and affect multiple virulence-related pathways, with a distinguishable therapeutic window based on cell-type-dependent cytotoxicity. These findings support further development and optimization of topical intravaginal formulations of green-synthesized CuO NPs for candidal biofilm-associated infections, with additional in vivo safety and efficacy studies needed.
Publisher
Dove Press
Subject
