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Observing the SO2 and Sulfate Aerosol Plumes From the 2022 Hunga Eruption With the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)
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Observing the SO2 and Sulfate Aerosol Plumes From the 2022 Hunga Eruption With the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)
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Journal Article
Observing the SO2 and Sulfate Aerosol Plumes From the 2022 Hunga Eruption With the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)
2024
Overview
The Hunga volcano violently erupted on 15 January 2022, producing the largest perturbation of the stratospheric aerosol layer since Pinatubo 1991, despite the initially estimated modest injection of SO2. This study presents novel SO2 and sulfate aerosol (SA) co‐retrievals from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and uses them to quantify the initial progression of the Hunga plume. These observations are consistent with rapid conversion of SO2 (e‐folding time: 17.1 ± 4.3 days) to SA, with an injected burden of >1.0 Tg SO2. This points at larger SO2 injections than previously thought. A long‐lasting SA plume was observed, with two separate build‐up phases, and with a meridional dispersion of marked anomalies from the tropics to the higher southern hemispheric latitudes. A limited (∼20%) SA removal was observed after 1‐year dispersion. The total injected SA mass burden was estimated at 1.6 ± 0.5 Tg in the total atmospheric column, with a build‐up e‐folding time of about 2 months. Plain Language Summary The eruption of the submarine Hunga volcano in January 2022 polluted the global stratosphere with a large amount of water vapor and significantly perturbed the stratospheric aerosol layer. In this paper, we present a 1‐year long aftermath study of the stratospheric sulfur pollution from this volcanic eruption using observations from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite‐borne instrument. Gaseous and aerosol sulfur emissions are observed simultaneously using the specific potential of this sensor. These observations provide unique capabilities to characterize the aerosol type in the Hunga plume and the sulfur cycle associated with the volcanic emissions. An extremely rapid conversion of gaseous sulfur emissions to aerosols is observed, leading to larger than expected and persistent anomalies of the stratospheric aerosol layer (compared with a consistent long‐term climatology), still noticeable in the Southern Hemisphere after 1 year. The total mass of the emitted sulfur in gas and aerosol state is also simultaneously estimated, for the first time. Key Points Novel co‐retrieval of SO2 and sulfate aerosol from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) used to study the dispersion of the Hunga plume over the entire year 2022 Rapid conversion of SO2 (2 weeks e‐folding time) and long‐lasting sulfate aerosol observed Larger SO2 injected mass burden (>1.0 Tg) than previously thought and a large sulfate aerosol total burden (1.6 Tg) estimated
