Journal Article

Orofacial Pain at a Tertiary Clinic: Comorbidities and Psychological Conditions Using the International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP) Criteria

Brauckhoff, Lise Lotte, Haug, Sivakami Rethnam, Haavik, Celine Messaoudi, Rosén, Annika

2026

Overview

To characterize a patient group with refractory orofacial pain (OFP) at a tertiary pain clinic with emphasis on subtype distribution, comorbidities, sex differences and psychological factors. This retrospective study reviewed 98 consecutive patients assessed at the National Unit of Orofacial Pain, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (2017-2021). All patients were investigated by an interdisciplinary team that used a structured clinical interview and assessments and patients completed a series of standardized questionnaires that formed the basis for the final diagnosis and treatment plan. The International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP-2020) was launched later and therefore retrospectively used forming the basis for this study. Five primary subtypes were analyzed: primary myofascial orofacial pain (pMOP), post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTTNP), persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Secondary MOP (sMOP) was recorded when myalgia co-occurred with another primary diagnosis. Descriptive statistics, -tests and one-way ANOVA was performed. The most frequent diagnosis was pMOP (60.2%), followed by PTTNP (20.4%), PIFP (14.3%), TN (4.1%), and BMS (3.1%). Twenty-five patients had more than one diagnosis ( Percentages do not sum to 100%. A total of 25 patients with overlapping diagnoses, including 23 patients with secondary MOP and 2 patients with dual primary diagnoses.). Significantly more women (82.6%) had OFP (p<0.05). Patients with pMOP experienced longest mean pain duration (9.9 years) and reported comorbidities such as body pain, headaches and arthritis more frequently than non-MOP groups (p < 0.05). sMOP was present in 75% of PTTNP cases (p = 0.0038). Psychometric and functional measures varied across subtypes: patients with pMOP exhibited the highest scores on HADS (15.3), MFIQ (14.4), and (7.0). Refractory OFP is dominated by pMOP and female patients. The strong association between PTTNP and sMOP suggests early combined management of neuropathic- and muscle pain which may limit chronification. Together, our findings support a personalized, interdisciplinary approach to OFP that can improve diagnostic precision and optimize long-term patient outcomes.

• Publisher: Dove Press,Dove Medical Press
• Subject: atypical facial pain / atypical facial pain myalgia temporomandibular disorder post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain trigeminal neuralgia burning mouth syndrome persistent idiopathic facial pain / burning mouth syndrome / myalgia / Original Research / persistent idiopathic facial pain / post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain / temporomandibular disorder / trigeminal neuralgia