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Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
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Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
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Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage

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Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage
Journal Article

Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (\Euphorbia\, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long-distance dispersal in a prominent C₄ lineage

2011
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Overview
Premise of the study: The Chamaesyce clade of Euphorbia is the largest lineage of C₄ plants among the eudicots, with 350 species including both narrow endemics and cosmopolitan weeds. We sampled this group worldwide to address questions about subclade relationships, the origin of C₄ photosynthesis, the evolution of weeds, and the role of hybridization and longdistance dispersal in the diversification of the group. Methods: Two nuclear (ITS and exon 9 of EMB2765) and three chloroplast markers (matK, rpl16 y and trnL-F) were sequenced for 138 ingroup and six outgroup species. Exon 9 of EMB2765 was cloned in accessions with > 1% superimposed peaks. Key results: The Chamaesyce clade is monophyletic and consists of three major subclades [1(2,3)]: (1) the Acuta clade, containing three North American species with C₃ photosynthesis and C₃ -C₄ intermediates; (2) the Peplis clade, mostly North American and entirely C₄; and (3) the Hypericifolia clade, all C₄, with both New World and Old World groups. Incongruence between chloroplast and ITS phylogenies and divergent cloned copies of EMB2765 exon 9 suggest extensive hybridization, especially in the Hawaiian Islands radiation. Conclusions: The Chamaesyce clade originated in warm, arid areas of North America, where it evolved C₄ photosynthesis. From there, it diversified globally with extensive reticulate evolution and frequent long-distance dispersals. Although many species are weedy, there are numerous local adaptations to specific substrates and regional or island radiations, which have contributed to the great diversity of this group.