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L’orang-outan des Lumières
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L’orang-outan des Lumières
Journal Article

L’orang-outan des Lumières

2025
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Overview
En quoi l’« orang-outan » des Lumières contribue-il à notre compréhension de la constitution des sciences sociales et leurs relations contemporaines avec les sciences du vivant ? Introduit en Europe au xvii e siècle, l’« homme des bois » (un terme qui désigne toutes les espèces de grands singes) fait son entrée dans les traités de casuistique médicale, parmi d’autres cas cliniques, brouillant les frontières entre humain et animal, et s’imposant au cœur des controverses des Lumières. Cet article traverse les disciplines et les espaces, et déploie une enquête sur l’orang-outan en suivant les routes du commerce triangulaire qui alimente les métropoles en spécimens. Il retrace des trajectoires croisées à partir d’un large éventail de sources (navires de traite, coffee-houses , catalogues de musées) et met au jour plusieurs types de comparaison, à la fois historiques et historiographiques. Il distingue deux régimes de curiosité ayant contribué à la célébrité de certains chimpanzés, entre foires, coffee-houses et cabinets d’histoire naturelle : l’un, savant, est fondé sur la généralisation anatomique ; l’autre, public, relayé par la presse, valorise les singularités – exemplifié ici par le cas de Madame Chimpanzé. L’histoire de l’orang-outan des Lumières permet ainsi d’interroger les frontières de l’humain et les conditions sociales, scientifiques et politiques de production des savoirs. What can the Enlightenment “orangutan” tell us about the shaping of the social sciences and their ongoing relationship with the life sciences? Introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century, the “man of the woods” (a term including all known species of ape) was featured in medical casuistry treatises alongside other clinical cases, blurring the boundaries between human and animal and soon taking center stage in Enlightenment controversies. This article moves across disciplines and geographical locations, investigating the orangutan by following the slave-trading routes that supplied metropoles with specimens. It reconstructs intersecting trajectories based on a wide range of sources (from slave ships and coffeehouses to museum catalogs) and highlights several forms of comparison, both historical and historiographical. It distinguishes two regimes of curiosity that contributed to the celebrity of certain chimpanzees in fairs, coffeehouses, and cabinets of natural history: one learned, based on anatomical generalization; the other public, driven by the press and focused on singularities—as exemplified by the case of Madame Chimpanzee. Focusing on Enlightenment approaches to the orangutan thus makes it possible to question the boundaries of humanity and the social, scientific, and political conditions of knowledge production.

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