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Media indicators: Tools for citizen participation and access to information
by
de Frutos García, Ruth Ainoa
in
Communication – Media Indicators – Citizen Participation – Access to information
/ Comunicación – Indicadores mediáticos – Participación ciudadana – Acceso a la información
2015
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Media indicators: Tools for citizen participation and access to information
by
de Frutos García, Ruth Ainoa
in
Communication – Media Indicators – Citizen Participation – Access to information
/ Comunicación – Indicadores mediáticos – Participación ciudadana – Acceso a la información
2015
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Media indicators: Tools for citizen participation and access to information
Journal Article
Media indicators: Tools for citizen participation and access to information
2015
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Overview
Since the 1970s, several international organizations have increased their interest in
creating instruments to measure reality. In the field of communication, various nonprofit
organizations such as Freedom House, Reporters Without Borders and IREX,
generated indicators. In 2008 the Intergovernmental Council of the International
Program for the Development of Communication (IPDC) approved Media
Development Indicators (MDI); Framework for assessing the development of social media at
its 26th meeting (26th – 28th March, 2008). Citizen participation and access to
information were consolidated as essential instruments for democratic discourse.
The main objective of this article is to critically analyze MDI, paying particular
attention to these two aspects: citizen participation and access to information. In
order to achieve this, a multi-method design (Cresswell, 2014) has been applied,
which is divided into several successive phases so that the methodology chosen may
be compatible with the complex nature of the object of study. The first phase has
been an extensive literature review; the second phase was in the form of a
questionnaire put to a panel of experts who participated in the definition,
implementation and critical analysis of the indicators. Finally, a series of in-depth
interviews were arranged to further explore the findings. At the end of this process,
we have found a contrast between the statements of values that appear in the
UNESCO document, and the obscure practices and political pressure from state
members to hinder the correct development of citizen participation and access to
information
Desde los años setenta del siglo pasado diversas organizaciones internacionales han
aumentado su interés por crear instrumentos de medición de la realidad. En el
ámbito de la comunicación, entidades sin ánimo de lucro como los de Freedom
House, Reporteros Sin Fronteras o IREX generaron indicadores. En 2008, el Consejo
Intergubernamental del Programa Internacional para el Desarrollo de la
Comunicación (PIDC) en su sesión XXVI (26-28 marzo 2008) aprobó los Indicadores de
desarrollo mediático (IDM). Marco para evaluar el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación
social. En ellos, la participación ciudadana y el acceso a la información se
consolidaban con instrumentos imprescindibles del discurso democrático.
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal realizar un análisis crítico de los
IDM, prestando especial atención a estos dos aspectos: la participación ciudadana y
el acceso a la información.
Para alcanzar dicha finalidad se ha planteado un diseño multimétodo (Cresswell,
2014) que se divide en varias fases sucesivas con el propósito de que la metodología
elegida se adecúe a la compleja naturaleza del objeto de estudio. En primer lugar, se
ha realizado una profusa revisión documental, a continuación se ha aplicado un
cuestionario a un panel de expertos formado por informantes que han participado en
la definición, aplicación y análisis crítico de distintos indicadores para, en una última
etapa, ahondar en los hallazgos obtenidos mediante entrevistas en profundidad.
Entre los principales resultados de la investigación destaca la divergencia que existe
entre las declaraciones de valores que aparecen en el documento de UNESCO, con las
prácticas oscurantistas y presiones políticas de los estados miembros para dificultar,
precisamente, el correcto desarrollo de la participación ciudadana y el acceso a la
información.
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