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Optical Navigation Using near Celestial Bodies for Spacecraft Autonomy
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Optical Navigation Using near Celestial Bodies for Spacecraft Autonomy
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Dissertation
Optical Navigation Using near Celestial Bodies for Spacecraft Autonomy
2020
Overview
Spacecraft have been exploring the celestial bodies of our solar system for more than half a century. Despite the distances they have crossed, spacecraft remain in great part tethered to Earth for navigation and control purposes. As humankind continues to explore the solar system, the need for autonomous operations with minimal ground contact grows. The communication delays can be much larger than the required spacecraft response time such as during an orbit insertion maneuver or during entry decent and landing phase. Additionally, enhancing autonomy in navigation will continue to lighten the load on mission operations. When possible, performing navigation functions onboard circumvents light-time and human related delays, reduces the load on ground stations, and enables certain mission designs that are intractable without on-board decision-making. Optical Navigation in astrodynamics refers to the use of images taken by an onboard camera in order to determine the spacecraft's position. The images contain solar system bodies and therefore provide relative position, velocity and attitude information. The work in this dissertation focuses on the guidance, navigation, and control algorithms that allow for probes to travel the solar system. It revolves primarily around the autonomous navigation capabilities that optical navigation provides. By directly using the local environment, optical measurements can aid in spacecraft orientation and orbit determination and guidance, as well as science. The work in this thesis presents advances in heading determination filters, robust orbit determination methods using space imagery, fault detection cases, and machine learning for astrodynamics. The research is enabled by the initial development of an open-source software package, and presents research interests on its own. Applications of this thesis include mission design, Monte-Carlo analysis, and spacecraft autonomy.
