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THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, SEX-ROLE TYPE AND TEMPERAMENT ON THE PLAY BEHAVIOR OF PARENTS AND INFANTS
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THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, SEX-ROLE TYPE AND TEMPERAMENT ON THE PLAY BEHAVIOR OF PARENTS AND INFANTS
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THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, SEX-ROLE TYPE AND TEMPERAMENT ON THE PLAY BEHAVIOR OF PARENTS AND INFANTS
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Dissertation
THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, SEX-ROLE TYPE AND TEMPERAMENT ON THE PLAY BEHAVIOR OF PARENTS AND INFANTS
1982
Overview
A research study was conducted to explore differences between mother/infant and father/infant play. Home observations were made of 41 mothers and fathers with their four to nine month old infants. The contribution to play behavior of (1) sex of infant, (2) temperament of infant, (3) sex of parent and (4) sex role self concept of the parent were studied using naturalistic observations. Two forms of the Bem Sex Role Inventory were used to assess parental sex role self concepts: one with standard instructions and one with role instructions. The Infant Temperament Questionnaire was used to assess infant temperament. All the hypotheses associated with parent sex were confirmed: mothers engage in more conventional play than fathers; fathers engage in more physical play than mothers; and mothers vocalize more than fathers. The hypotheses concerned with the effects of sex of child were not confirmed. Incidental findings indicate that both parents talk more to girls than to boys and that mothers show more physical play with boys than with girls. The hypotheses associated with sex role type of parents were not confirmed. However, there were significant changes in masculine and feminine scores for both parents when describing themselves in their role as parents. This supports research indicating that sex role self concepts change according to the situation in which one finds oneself. The effect of temperament was explored and the following trends noted: the temperament of boys and girls does not differ; fathers respond to their less active children with more conventional and more toy play. Less conclusive, but pointing to important trends were findings that parents may be responding differently to the same trait depending on whether it is expressed in a boy or in a girl. The effect of age was explored and the following trends noted: parents use more physical minor play with younger infants than with older infants; fathers play more conventional games with older children than with younger ones.
