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TOWARDS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE VARIATION IN ARABIC: CAIRENE AND KUWAITI DIALECTS (DIGLOSSIA)
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Dissertation
TOWARDS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE VARIATION IN ARABIC: CAIRENE AND KUWAITI DIALECTS (DIGLOSSIA)
1985
Overview
This study investigated the relationship between classical and colloquial Arabic in the speech areas of Cairo and Kuwait City. Discussing the Arabic language situation, Ferguson (1959) recognizes only two discrete levels (High and Low) and suggests that the transition between these two levels would be abrupt, while Badawi (1973) recognizes five: Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, Educated Colloquial, Literate Colloquial, and Illiterate Colloquial. Badawi argues that the transition among his five levels would be gradual. Badawi's Classical Arabic and Illiterate Colloquial correspond to Ferguson's High and Low, respectively. Ferguson and Badawi agree on the independent status of only the classical and illiterate-colloquial Arabic--an agreement which conformed to my native speaker's intuition. Consequently, it was the status of Modern Standard Arabic, Educated Colloquial and LC especially that needed evaluation. Evaluating these claims of Badawi (1973) and Ferguson (1959), and utilizing quantitative empirical data collected in Cairo and in Kuwait City, the study confirms Badawi's claim of gradual transition. The findings also indicate that Arabic allows for a maximum of 11 percent of occurrence differences in classical or colloquial Arabic. Using this value as a criterion for discreteness and stability, the findings show that Badawi's proposed \"Modern Standard Arabic,\" \"Educated Colloquial,\" and \"Literate Colloquial\" are not discrete levels. The study also affirms Ferguson's characterization of these \"middle levels\" as unstable. In both Cairene and Kuwaiti dialect, \"Modern Standard Arabic\" is the least unstable middle \"level.\" In Kuwait City and Cairo, \"Educated Colloquial\" and \"Literate Colloquial\" follow \"Modern Standard Arabic\" respectively. In addition, the findings suggest Egypt and Kuwait would enhance their language planning policies by expediting the stabilization and codification of \"Modern Standard Arabic\" as a first step for its institution as the standard language in education.
