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Advances in potentiometric gas sensing: Continuous monitors for ambient ammonia and sulfur-dioxide
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Advances in potentiometric gas sensing: Continuous monitors for ambient ammonia and sulfur-dioxide
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Dissertation
Advances in potentiometric gas sensing: Continuous monitors for ambient ammonia and sulfur-dioxide
1988
Overview
Two advances in the technique of potentiometric gas sensing are introduced. A novel approach to collecting gases in a recipient solution is used to devise a continuous monitor for atmospheric ammonia, and a new sulfite-sensitive solvent/polymeric potentiometric membrane is developed and found suitable for sulfur dioxide measurements. An introduction to the state of gas monitoring in general, and potentiometric gas sensing in particular, is given in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2 a simple yet new way of collecting analyte gas into a suitable recipient stream is described. Continuously-flowing recipient buffer (pH 7) is exposed directly to the gas sample to be analyzed via a microporous \"sniffer\" tube. The collected ammonia converts to ammonium in the buffer and is pumped through an established flow-through ammonium-selective electrode. The optimized sensing arrangement is capable of continuously monitoring sub-ppbv levels of atmospheric ammonia. The Chapter describes the response time, detection limits, stability, and selectivity characteristics of the new system. The theoretical foundations for the behavior of the \"sniffer\" design are discussed in Chapter 3, accounting for the observed detection limits and response behavior. Chapter 3 also predicts the sniffer's response to changes in sample temperature, as well as the effects of modifications to the present design for faster response and/or better detection limits. In Chapter 4, a new solvent/polymeric electrode membrane based on bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)mercury(II) is introduced. The membrane is highly sensitive to sulfite-ion activity, displaying a lower limit of detection below 1 $\\mu$M sulfite. It is found to exhibit selectivity towards sulfite over most common ions (iodide, bromide, and reduced-sulfur anions interfere). The selectivity of the potentiometric sensor is enhanced by its incorporation into a flow-through gas sensing arrangement, providing selective determination of sulfite in liquid samples even in the presence of the above interferents. In conjunction with the new sniffer, this membrane can also provide continuous measurement of gas-phase sulfur dioxide at parts-per-billion levels.
