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The Impacts of Last Glacial Maximum Glaciers on Channels Downstream of the Glacial Termini in Southwestern Montana
by
Williams, Madeline
in
Atmospheric sciences
/ Geomorphology
2025
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The Impacts of Last Glacial Maximum Glaciers on Channels Downstream of the Glacial Termini in Southwestern Montana
by
Williams, Madeline
in
Atmospheric sciences
/ Geomorphology
2025
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The Impacts of Last Glacial Maximum Glaciers on Channels Downstream of the Glacial Termini in Southwestern Montana
Dissertation
The Impacts of Last Glacial Maximum Glaciers on Channels Downstream of the Glacial Termini in Southwestern Montana
2025
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Overview
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), extensive glaciation covered a significant portion of the Earth's surface, leading to substantial modifications of mountainous landscapes. Such glaciation can impact the evolution of landscapes downstream of valley glacier termini through the generation and supply of sediment, influencing the efficiency of fluvial erosion well downstream of glacial maxima. However, such influences are poorly understood and rarely constrained. We capitalize on a natural experiment in the Tobacco Root Mountains of southwestern Montana where glaciers impacted some valleys, while others remained ice-free, allowing the isolation of glacial impacts to specific river systems.We predict that downstream of the previously glacial terminus landscape normalized channel steepness will be higher as a result of the reduction in erosional efficiency due to increased sediment loading. To test this hypothesis, we measure mean grain size (D50) and normalized channel steepness (Ksn) to understand channel geomorphology and identify variations between previously glaciated watersheds and control watersheds. We calculate Ksn from a 10m DEM. Grain size measurements were collected in the field to quantify channel characteristics not evident in remotely sensed data but that could influence Ksn values. Results show that downstream of the glacial terminus normalized steepness index and grain size are consistently higher when compared to control watersheds, with grain size being 3x greater. We determine that the higher steepness values determined in previously glaciated watersheds is as a result of greater sediment supply available in channels downstream of previous glaciation. We illustrate that the legacy of glaciation on landscape evolution extends beyond the glacial limit, impacting erosion rates downstream of the glacial termini.
Publisher
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Subject
ISBN
9798286433629
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