Paper

Representing the Surface Ocean in ECMWF's data-driven forecasting system AIFS

Mertes, Gert, Zuo, Hao, Keeley, Sarah, Cook, Harrison, Kousal, Josh, Ana Prieto Nemesio, Pelletier, Charles, Moldovan, Gabriel, Sandu, Irina, Clare, Mariana C A, Tietsche, Steffen, Pinault, Florian, Mario Santa Cruz, Zampieri, Lorenzo, Hahner, Sara, Mogensen, Kristian, Raoult, Baudouin, Lessig, Christian, Schloer, Jakob, Furner, Rachel, Browne, Philip, Jean-Raymond Bidlot, Chantry, Matthew, Dueben, Peter, Lang, Simon

2026

Overview

Machine-learning (ML) models, such as the AIFS at the ECMWF, have revolutionised weather forecasting in recent years. We present an extension of the AIFS that jointly models the atmosphere and surface ocean, including ocean waves and sea ice. The primary objective of this extension is to enhance machine-learning medium-range forecasting and enable new use cases by expanding the weather state to better capture coupled surface processes. Our approach departs from traditional numerical models by not having two separate models for the atmosphere and marine components. The joint model instead learns correlations across the entire atmosphere-ocean interface in a component-agnostic way, and can exploit the expressive capacity of ML architectures to learn cross-component relationships directly from the data. We leverage tailored and targeted datasets and solve model design challenges such as missing values over land, multi-scale temporal dynamics, and physical realism of forecast fields and demonstrate the utility of loss scaling in guiding the learning process. We evaluate how representing the surface ocean affects medium-range weather forecasts. We also assess the model's ability to predict surface-ocean fields, including wave swell and tropical-cyclone cold wakes. For nearly all evaluated marine variables, we observe an improvement of approximately one day in forecast skill at medium-range lead times compared to physics-based models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the model is robust to idealised initial conditions outside the training distribution and responds to them in a physically consistent way. Overall, our findings suggest that the joint AIFS modelling approach offers significant potential for combined atmosphere-ocean forecasting. Our work provides a solid foundation for future development of data-driven coupled Earth system models with greater flexibility and physical fidelity.

• Publisher: Cornell University Library, arXiv.org
• Subject: Initial conditions / Machine learning / Numerical models / Sea ice / Weather forecasting