Journal Article

Antigenic and Genetic Characteristics of the Early Isolates of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) Influenza Viruses Circulating in Humans

Smagala, James, de Graaf, Miranda, Guevara, Hugo F., Blevins, Patricia, Fouchier, Ron A. M., Katz, Jacqueline, Blair, Patrick J., Smith, Catherine B., George, Kirsten St, Xu, Xiyan, Skepner, Eugene, Deyde, Varough, Clark, Patricia A., Shu, Bo, Boxrud, David, Russell, Colin A., Gubareva, Larisa, Okomo-Adhiambo, Margaret, Sessions, Wendy M., Emery, Shannon L., Kriner, Paula, Donis, Ruben, Bridges, Carolyn B., Stringer, David J., Lindstrom, Stephen, López, Irma, Abid, Syed H., Cox, Nancy J., Rivailler, Pierre, SteveWaterman, Klimov, Alexander I., Ginsberg, Michele, Moore, Amanda L., Myers, Christopher A., Pappas, Claudia, Davis, C. Todd, Finelli, Lyn, Hillman, Michael J., Yu, Cindy, Keene, Kimberly M., Beatrice, Sara T., Uyeki, Timothy M., Bannerman, Tammy, Smole, Sandra, Belongia, Edward A., Shaw, Michael, Olivera, Hiram, Barnes, John, Balish, Amanda, Burke, David F., Demmler-Harrison, Gail J., Alpuche-Aranda, Celia M., Garten, Rebecca J., López-Gatell, Hugo, Dotson, P. David, Sambol, Anthony R., Smith, Derek J., Jernigan, Daniel B., Faix, Dennis

2009

Overview

Since its identification in April 2009 an A(H1N1) virus containing a unique combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans. The 2009 A(H1N1) virus is distantly related to its nearest relatives, indicating that its gene segments have been circulating undetected for an extended period. Low genetic diversity among the viruses suggests the introduction into humans was a single event or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markers predicted for adaptation to humans are not currently present in 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting previously unrecognized molecular determinants could be responsible for the transmission among humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous and similar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinct from seasonal human A(H1N1).