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In a recent meta-analysis, only 53% of disorganized infants were predicted by parental Unresolved states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The goal of this study was to identify additional predictors of infant disorganization on the AAI by developing and validating an interview-wide coding system for Hostile/Helpless (H/H) parental states of mind with respect to attachment. Maternal AAIs were collected from 45 low-income mothers with high rates of childhood trauma when their children were age 7; Strange Situation assessments had been collected at 18 months of age. AAIs were independently coded using both the Main and Goldwyn coding system and newly developed codes for H/H states of mind. Results indicated that the H/H coding system displayed discriminant validity in that it did not overlap substantially with the Unresolved, Cannot Classify, or Fearfully Preoccupied by Traumatic Events categories in the Main and Goldwyn coding system. Second, H/H states of mind accounted for variance in disorganized infant behavior not associated with the Unresolved classification. Third, H/H states of mind were significantly related to maternal disrupted affective communication as coded by the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification coding system, and maternal disrupted communication mediated the relations between H/H states of mind and infant disorganization.

A classification and coding scheme was developed which distinguished the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) transcripts of mothers of Disorganized infants from mothers of organized infants 75% of the time in a pilot study. This study represents the first attempt to describe systematically the characteristics of AAI's of mothers of Disorganized infants, and brings the level of correspondence between mother and infant classifications in a high-risk sample into the range previously achieved in low-risk samples in which the infants are primarily organized. This new scheme does not rely on the report of a loss or trauma for the identification of mothers of Disorganized infants, as does the current Main system, but rather assesses aspects of the subjects' state of mind with respect to attachment. Based on Main and Hesse's theory that parental fear and parental frightened or frightening behavior play an essential role in the infant's disorganization, a scoring and classification system for aspects of both helpless and malevolent states of mind was developed and coded in 20 AAI's. These interviews came from a subsample of subjects in a longitudinal study of low income, high-social-risk infants and mothers. Infant attachment status was assessed at 18 months in the Strange Situation and AAI's were subsequently administered to study mothers. Rating for this study was done blind to all other data on the infants and their families. It was found that core characteristics of mothers of Disorganized infants in this sample include evidence of malevolent representations of attachment figures and tendencies to identify with malevolent figures, tendencies to display fearfulness and a sense of badness, to split mental representations of self and other, and to display characteristics of both Preoccupied and Dismissing discourse. An 80% level of agreement was achieved between two raters for the overall interview classification, and good reliabilities were achieved on a set of codes which were significantly or near-significantly associated with disorganized maternal interviews. The results of this study suggest that if an infant is Disorganized, characteristics of a malevolent or helpless state of mind will be displayed in the infant's mother's interview.

The human polyomavirus, JCV, causes the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients. We found that the serotonergic receptor$5HT_{2A}R$could act as the cellular receptor for JCV on human glial cells. The 5HT2Areceptor antagonists inhibited JCV infection, and monoclonal antibodies directed at 5HT2Areceptors blocked infection of glial cells by JCV, but not by SV40. Transfection of 5HT2Areceptor-negative HeLa cells with a 5HT2Areceptor rescued virus infection, and this infection was blocked by antibody to the 5HT2Areceptor. A tagged 5HT2Areceptor colocalized with labeled JCV in an endosomal compartment following internalization. Serotonin receptor antagonists may thus be useful in the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

The next best thing to hearing her is to sit down with her poems and be reminded of the vatic power of her words. Seven years after her death, Exile Editions has published a two - volume selection of her work, including a short excerpt from her novel. The first volume begins with an introduction by Margaret Atwood; the second, with one by Rosemary Sullivan, who has just completed a biography of MacEwen. These, along with the notes that introduce the selections from each of MacEwen's books, establish a context. Their brevity ensures they won't interfere with the reader's own response to the poetry, but they provide directional signs to help us follow this amazing poetic journey, which began when MacEwen was 16 and ended when she was 45. Even in her narrative pieces, MacEwen is a muse poet, a poet of inspiration who intimately shares her wide - ranging intelligence and the extravagant creations of her imagination. Though her poems are ultimately optimistic in their engagement with the world and their insistence that Something survives in the midst of Nothing, the word \"darkness\" is ubiquitous in the two volumes. Appropriately, her last poem concludes:

The next best thing to hearing her is to sit down with her poems and be reminded of the vatic power of her words. Seven years after her death, Exile Editions has published a two - volume selection of her work, including a short excerpt from her novel. The first volume begins with an introduction by Margaret Atwood; the second, with one by Rosemary Sullivan, who has just completed a biography of MacEwen. These, along with the notes that introduce the selections from each of MacEwen's books, establish a context. Their brevity ensures they won't interfere with the reader's own response to the poetry, but they provide directional signs to help us follow this amazing poetic journey, which began when MacEwen was 16 and ended when she was 45. Even in her narrative pieces, MacEwen is a muse poet, a poet of inspiration who intimately shares her wide - ranging intelligence and the extravagant creations of her imagination. Though her poems are ultimately optimistic in their engagement with the world and their insistence that Something survives in the midst of Nothing, the word \"darkness\" is ubiquitous in the two volumes. Appropriately, her last poem concludes:

The two - volume edition of The Poetry of [Gwendolyn MacEwen] has clearly been a labour of love for its editors, Margaret Atwood and Barry Callaghan, who have done an exceptional job of selecting from MacEwen's diverse oeuvre to provide a showcase for her best work. Atwood's introduction to Volume One is elegant and informative, evocative of the cultural and historical context of the prolific first 15 years of MacEwen's career. She touches tantalizingly - and far too briefly - on the paradoxes inherent in MacEwen's poetry. Also too brief are the lucid notes introducing each of Volume One's six sections.

The two - volume edition of The Poetry of [Gwendolyn MacEwen] has clearly been a labour of love for its editors, Margaret Atwood and Barry Callaghan, who have done an exceptional job of selecting from MacEwen's diverse oeuvre to provide a showcase for her best work. Atwood's introduction to Volume One is elegant and informative, evocative of the cultural and historical context of the prolific first 15 years of MacEwen's career. She touches tantalizingly - and far too briefly - on the paradoxes inherent in MacEwen's poetry. Also too brief are the lucid notes introducing each of Volume One's six sections.