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The border society of Chetumal is studied in order to know how the speakers of this linguistic community conceive their ways of speaking Spanish in different situational contexts (home or work), before different people (employers, friends or subordinates) and with it get to check the degree of linguistic awareness they possess; that is, if the social boundaries present in their speech exist and are recognized as such by all speakers. This study is based on just over 100 questionnaires applied to the same number of Spanish-speakers born in Chetumal in 2019, who were registered according to the traditional sociolinguistic factors of age, sex, and socio-cultural level, the latter calculated basically on the individual's education index. The conclusions reflect the linguistic reality of Spanish speakers on the southern border of Mexico in which Caribbean and English elements are palpable in the lexical sector of the language.

Glycoconjugate vaccines provide effective prophylaxis against bacterial infections. To date, however, no commercial vaccine has been available in which the key carbohydrate antigens are produced synthetically. We describe the large-scale synthesis, pharmaceutical development, and clinical evaluation of a conjugate vaccine composed of a synthetic capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The vaccine was evaluated in clinical trials in Cuba and showed long-term protective antibody titers that compared favorably to licensed products prepared with the Hib polysaccharide extracted from bacteria. This demonstrates that access to synthetic complex carbohydrate-based vaccines is feasible and provides a basis for further development of similar approaches for other human pathogens.

Se analizan varias voces que, provenientes del Tesoro lexicográfico del español de Canarias de Corbella, Corrales y Álvarez, y del Diccionario del español yucateco de Güémez, aparecen como formas usuales tanto en las Islas Canarias como en la península yucateca. En dicho análisis, se buscan coincidencias semánticas entre las palabras y se comentan, por un lado, atendiendo a los resultados de una serie de encuestas aplicadas en Mérida, Chetumal y Campeche en 2015 y, por otro, haciendo referencia a otras obras para proporcionar su distribución geolectal en la región. An analysis is made of several words taken from the Tesoro lexicográfico del español de Canarias by Corbella, Corrales and Álvarez, and from the Diccionario del español yucateco by Güemez, that appear to be usual forms of expression in both the Canary Islands and the Yucatecan Peninsula. An attempt is made to detect semantic coincidences between words. These coincidences are then commented in the light of results of a series of surveys carried out in Merida, Chetumal and Campeche in 2015. Reference is also made to other works in an effort to establish their geolectal distribution in the region.

Se analiza el uso de sinónimos y variantes en el Poema de Fernán González para determinarlo en sus contextos de acuerdo con los recursos literarios que el autor maneja y con la norma lingüística imperante en el español del siglo XIII. Ambos usos se estudian por parejas de voces mediante su cronología y frecuencia de aparición en el texto, así como la posición que ocupan en los versos para conformar la rima y/o el metro, y los significados que suelen tener en los contextos en que aparecen. Se alude a la presencia de la sintaxis no concordante en perífrasis verbales regidas por haber como forma de expresión del español naciente y como consecuencia de la utilización de los cánones de la cuaderna vía.

El autor parte de la perspectiva del oficio para realizar el estudio del vocabulario que utilizan los chicleros, hombres solitarios que trabajan en el monte. En la recopilación de los materiales lingüísticos, Pérez Aguilar utilizó el método conocido como palabras y cosas. Mediante la formulación de pregunta indirecta, obtuvo una lista de formas que le han permitido conocer la idiosincracia, costumbres y pecualiaridades del grupo social que forman los chicleros de Chetumal.

En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.

The use of synonyms and variants are analyzed in the Poem of Fernán González from their contexts and according to the literary resources employed by the author and to the linguistic norm prevalent in the Spanish of the 13th century. Both uses are examined with couples of voices through their chronology and frequency in the text, their position within the verses to maintain the rhyme and the metric, and their meanings in the contexts they usually occur. The presence of non-concordant syntax in verbal phrases governed by haber is claimed to be a way of expression of the new-born Spanish and as an outcome of the use of the canons of the verses with four alexandrines.

Formar capital social para la apropiación colectiva favorece la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales de propiedad social. En México, la propiedad social alberga 60% de los ecosistemas forestales, y en éstos coexisten mezclas individuales y colectivas de apropiación. Mediante la acción colectiva, se estudió la organización del trabajo, los lazos de parentesco inscritos en ella y su expresión en ámbitos individuales y colectivos en cinco ejidos de Tabasco y Chiapas, con objeto de examinar la territorialización del capital social para la apropiación forestal comunitaria. Los resultados reflejan un incipiente proceso de construcción del capital social para la acción colectiva y una estructura comunitaria fragmentada. Forming social capital for collective appropriation encourages the conservation of socially-owned forest ecosystems. In Mexico, social ownership accounts for 60% of forest ecosystems, in which individual and collective mixtures of appropriation coexist. Through collective action, the organization of work, the kinship ties embedded in it and their expression in individual and collective areas in five ejidos in Tabasco and Chiapas were studied, in order to examine the territorialization of social capital for community forest appropriation. The results reflect an incipient process of building social capital for collective action and a fragmented community structure.

Eleutherodactylus planirostris es una especie nativa de Cuba, Bahamas e Islas Caimán en el Mar Caribe que ha sido introducida accidentalmente a distintas partes del mundo, incluido el continente americano. Esta especie ha sido registrada en distintas localidades de Veracruz en el Golfo de México. Las tres nuevas localidades para esta especie reportadas en este estudio sugieren que podría estar distribuida ampliamente en la región.

Abstract Background Patients who acquire infective endocarditis (IE) following contact with the healthcare system, but outside the hospital, are classified as having non-nosocomial healthcare-associated IE (HCIE). Our aim was to characterize HCIE and establish whether its etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approach suggest it should be considered a distinct entity. Methods This study retrospectively analyzes data from a nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort including consecutive cases of IE at 45 hospitals across Spain from 2008 to 2021. HCIE was defined as IE detected in patients in close contact with the healthcare system (eg, patients receiving intravenous treatment, hemodialysis, or institutionalized). The prevalence and main characteristics of HCIE were examined and compared with those of community-acquired IE (CIE) and nosocomial IE (NIE) and with literature data. Results IE was diagnosed in 4520 cases, of which 2854 (63%) were classified as CIE, 1209 (27%) as NIE, and 457 (10%) as HCIE. Patients with HCIE showed a high burden of comorbidities, a high presence of intravascular catheters, and a predominant staphylococcal etiology, Staphylococcus aureus being identified as the most frequent causative agent (35%). They also experienced more persistent bacteremia, underwent fewer surgeries, and showed a higher mortality rate than those with CIE (32.4% vs 22.6%). However, mortality in this group was similar to that recorded for NIE (32.4% vs 34.9%, respectively, P = .40). Conclusions Our data do not support considering HCIE as a distinct entity. HCIE affects a substantial number of patients, is associated with a high mortality, and shares many characteristics with NIE. Non-nosocomial healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HCIE) occurs when patients acquire the infection outside the hospital but following contact with the healthcare system. Our data showed that HCIE affects many patients, has high mortality, and shares many similarities with nosocomial infective endocarditis.