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\"This book is a re-introduction to psychology. It focuses on great scholarly thinkers, beginning with Plato, Marcus Aurelius and St Augustine, who gave the field its foundational ideas long before better known 'founders', such as Galton, Fechner, Wundt and Watson appeared on the scene. Psychology can only achieve its full breadth and potential when we fully appreciate its scholarly legacy. Bruce Alexander and Curt Shelton also argue that the fundamental contradictions built into psychology's history have never been resolved, and that a truly pragmatic approach, as defined by William James, can produce a 'layered' psychology that will enable psychologists to face the fearsome challenges of the twenty-first century. A History of Psychology in Western Civilization claims that contemporary psychology has overemphasized the methods of physical science and that psychology will need a broader scientific orientation alongside a scholarly focus in order to fully engage the future\"-- Provided by publisher.

Key Points This Review aims to collate our current understanding of the molecular processes that govern the two necessary cell fate decisions made by the developing preimplantation embryo until the blastocyst stage. We revisit some of the 'classical' models put forward and discuss their merit in the light of new discoveries and propose that, far from being exclusive, each model is likely to harbour at least some fundamental truths. We introduce the first cell fate decision that is defined as the cell's choice to either occupy an inner position in the developing embryo and so retain pluripotency or to populate a position on the outside and differentiate into trophectoderm. We discuss the roles of cellular polarization and position in regulating trophectoderm differentiation and focus on the essential trophectoderm transcription factor, CDX2, to highlight these points. In addition, we explore epigenetic components of the first cell fate decision and discuss the origins in developmental bias and asymmetry in CDX2 expression. We conclude by revisiting the three classical models of the first cell fate decision, the early asymmetry, inside–outside and polarization hypotheses, in the context of recent discoveries and argue that each model contains fundamental truths. We introduce the second cell fate decision whereby cells at the surface of the inner cell mass that line the blastocoel cavity become set aside and form the primitive endoderm and are distinct from the deeper inner cells that form the epiblast, which is comprised of progenitor cells for the fetus proper. We review the two classical models of primitive endoderm formation, the positional induction and cell sorting hypotheses, and discuss the experimental evidence in support of these. In the context of these two classical models, we introduce new evidence detailing the importance of the developmental stage in which inner cells are originally derived on the formation of primitive endoderm and epiblast cell populations. Given these new data, we propose a third refined model of the second cell fate decision that we term the social mobility model. How cell fate decisions are made is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Recent analyses of the first two fate decisions in mammalian embryogenesis illustrate the potential interplay of transcriptional circuits, epigenetic modification, cell position and polarity in lineage choice. The preimplantation mammalian embryo offers a striking opportunity to address the question of how and why apparently identical cells take on separate fates. Two cell fate decisions are taken before the embryo implants; these decisions set apart a group of pluripotent cells, progenitors for the future body, from the distinct extraembryonic lineages of trophectoderm and primitive endoderm. New molecular, cellular and developmental insights reveal the interplay of transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications, cell position and cell polarity in these two fate decisions in the mouse. We discuss how mechanisms proposed in previously distinct models might work in concert to progressively reinforce cell fate decisions through feedback loops.

\"Details the use of 41 safe and effective herbs for the mouth; explores [49] common conditions that affect the mouth, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, acid reflux, and tooth loss; provides recipes for herbal toothpastes, mouth rinses, pain-relieving poultices, and teas for prevention and daily care; examines infant and toddler oral care, including remedies for teething and thrush\"--Amazon.com.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) SapM is a secreted virulence factor critical for intracellular survival of the pathogen. The role of SapM in phagosome maturation arrest in host macrophages suggests its potential as a drug target to assist in the clearance of tuberculosis infection. However, the mechanism of action of SapM at the molecular level remains unknown. In this study, we provide new insights into the mechanism of catalysis, substrate specificity and inhibition of SapM, and we identify the critical residues for catalysis and substrate binding. Our findings demonstrate that SapM is an atypical monoester alkaline phosphatase, with a serine-based mechanism of catalysis probably metal-dependent. Particularly relevant to SapM function and pathogenesis, is its activity towards PI(4,5) P 2 and PI3 P , two phosphoinositides that function at the early stages of microbial phagocytosis and phagosome formation. This suggests that SapM may have a pleiotropic role with a wider importance on Mtb infection than initially thought. Finally, we have identified two inhibitors of SapM, L-ascorbic acid and 2-phospho-L-ascorbic, which define two different mechanisms by which the catalytic activity of this phosphatase could be regulated. Critically, we demonstrate that 2-phospho-L-ascorbic reduces mycobacterial survival in macrophage infections, hence confirming the potential of SapM as a therapeutic drug target.

As much as J. R. R. Tolkien valued the heroism expressed in \"The Battle of Maldon,\" with its record of warriors who died to maintain their oath, he challenged the notion of utter adherence to a sworn oath in The Silmarillion. The over-arching narrative of The Silmarillion tells of Feanor and his seven sons who swear an oath to reclaim the three Silmarils from any \"Vala, Demon, Elf or Man as yet unborn, or any creature, great or small, good or evil, that time should bring forth unto the end of days, whoso should hold or take or keep a Silmaril from their possession\" (Silmarillion 83). The extended story ultimately highlights the bitter regret that can come from seeking to fulfill an oath that, the more it is pursued, the more harm is done. As such, we can better understand the perspective of Elrond in The Lord of the Rings, as Elrond saw first-hand the ultimate end of the oath of Feanor: in language reminiscent of the Old English poem \"The Wanderer,\" Elrond observes that efforts not to break an oath can break one's heart instead.

ObjectivesWork-related injuries are only partially captured for older workers in the USA, likely due to low sensitivity of traditional data sources, such as workers’ compensation, to capture non-fatal incidents. Using claims from Medicare, the primary health insurance of most US adults after age 65, we identified and described work-related injuries among Medicare enrollees aged 65 years and older.MethodsWe identified injury claims from 2016 to 2019 Medicare inpatient and outpatient claims for aged 65+ Medicare fee-for-service enrollees. We then identified work-related injury claims using ICD-10-CM external cause codes and employment-related and workers’ compensation codes used in Medicare claims processing. We calculated annual rates of work-related injuries among aged 65+ Medicare fee-for-service enrollees. We described demographics, injuries and their mechanisms, and healthcare encounter characteristics of Medicare enrollees with work-related injuries.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2019, the average annual rate of work-related injuries was 27.6 per 100 000 Medicare fee-for-service enrollees aged 65+. Injury claims were most often for outpatient emergency department (ED) visits (58%), followed by non-ED outpatient visits (20%) and hospitalisations (19%). Falls, transportation and machinery-related mechanisms of injury each accounted for approximately 20% of injuries.ConclusionsUsing the mechanism of injury, employment-related and workers’ compensation codes, Medicare claims can be used to identify work-related injuries. Most work-related injuries appear in outpatient settings, although hospitalisations involve the most extensive care. Future research should validate and expand these methods, drawing on the depth of information in Medicare claims data to explore costs and health outcomes of work-related injuries in older populations.

It has long been known that relatively high-dose ionising radiation exposure (> 1 Gy) can induce cataract, but there has been no evidence that this occurs at low doses (< 100 mGy). To assess low-dose risk, participants from the US Radiologie Technologists Study, a large, prospective cohort, were followed from date of mailed questionnaire survey completed during 1994–1998 to the earliest of self-reported diagnosis of cataract/cataract surgery, cancer other than non-melanoma skin, or date of last survey (up to end 2014). Cox proportional hazards models with age as timescale were used, adjusted for a priori selected cataract risk factors (diabetes, body mass index, smoking history, race, sex, birth year, cumulative UVB radiant exposure). 12,336 out of 67,246 eligible technologists reported a history of diagnosis of cataract during 832,479 person years of follow-up, and 5509 from 67,709 eligible technologists reported undergoing cataract surgery with 888,420 person years of follow-up. The mean cumulative estimated 5-year lagged eye-lens absorbed dose from occupational radiation exposures was 55.7 mGy (interquartile range 23.6-69.0 mGy). Five-year lagged occupational radiation exposure was strongly associated with self-reported cataract, with an excess hazard ratio/mGy of 0.69 × 10⁻³ (95% CI 0.27 × 10⁻³ to 1.16 × 10⁻³, p < 0.001). Cataract risk remained statistically significant (p = 0.030) when analysis was restricted to < 100 mGy cumulative occupational radiation exposure to the eye lens. A non-significantly increased excess hazard ratio/mGy of 0.34 × 10⁻³ (95% CI – 0.19 × 10⁻³ to 0.97 × 10⁻³, p = 0.221) was observed for cataract surgery. Our results suggest that there is excess risk for cataract associated with radiation exposure from low-dose and low dose-rate occupational exposures.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in the tropics and neotropics. It is often referred to as a group of diseases because of the varied spectrum of clinical manifestations, which range from small cutaneous nodules to gross mucosal tissue destruction. Cutaneous leishmaniasis can be caused by several Leishmania spp and is transmitted to human beings and animals by sandflies. Despite its increasing worldwide incidence, but because it is rarely fatal, cutaneous leishmaniasis has become one of the so-called neglected diseases, with little interest by financial donors, public-health authorities, and professionals to implement activities to research, prevent, or control the disease. In endemic countries, diagnosis is often made clinically and, if possible, by microscopic examination of lesion biopsy smears to visually confirm leishmania parasites as the cause. The use of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques that allow for species identification is usually restricted to research or clinical settings in non-endemic countries. The mainstays of cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment are pentavalent antimonials, with new oral and topical treatment alternatives only becoming available within the past few years; a vaccine currently does not exist. Disease prevention and control are difficult because of the complexity of cutaneous leishmaniasis epizoology, and the few options available for effective vector control.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has garnered unprecedented global attention. It caused over 2.47 million deaths through various syndromes such as acute respiratory distress, hypercoagulability, and multiple organ failure. The viral invasion proceeds through the ACE2 receptor, expressed in multiple cell types, and in some patients caused serious damage to tissues, organs, immune cells, and the microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Some patients who survived the SARS-CoV-2 infection have developed months of persistent long-COVID-19 symptoms or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Diagnosis of these patients has revealed multiple biological effects, none of which are mutually exclusive. However, the severity of COVID-19 also depends on numerous comorbidities such as obesity, age, diabetes, and hypertension and care must be taken with respect to other multiple morbidities, such as host immunity. Gut microbiota in relation to SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology is considered to evolve COVID-19 progression via mechanisms of biochemical metabolism, exacerbation of inflammation, intestinal mucosal secretion, cytokine storm, and immunity regulation. Therefore, modulation of gut microbiome equilibrium through food supplements and probiotics remains a hot topic of current research and debate. In this review, we discuss the biological complications of the physio-pathological effects of COVID-19 infection, GIT immune response, and therapeutic pharmacological strategies. We also summarize the therapeutic targets of probiotics, their limitations, and the efficacy of preclinical and clinical drugs to effectively inhibit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

ObjectivesAn excess of mesothelioma has been previously observed in iron ore miners in Northeastern Minnesota. This study explored the potential association between mesothelioma and elongate mineral particle (EMP) exposures in the Minnesota taconite mining industry, examining both regulated and non-regulated EMP dimensions.MethodsA nested case–control study design within the Mineral Resources Health Assessment Programme cohort analysed 104 mesothelioma cases and 410 controls. Cumulative EMP exposures were assessed across various dimensional definitions, including regulated (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) and non-regulated EMPs. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to estimate mesothelioma risk linked to employment duration and cumulative EMP exposure while adjusting for potential confounding variables.ResultsConsistent with earlier assessments, mesothelioma was associated with the number of years employed in the taconite industry (rate ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) and cumulative NIOSH EMP exposure ((EMP/cc)×years) in taconite mining and processing (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.46). Positive associations were also observed with mesothelioma and cumulative exposure to non-regulated EMPs.ConclusionsThis study supported the main conclusions in the previous study that the data were consistent with an association between mesothelioma and employment duration and with NIOSH EMP exposure in taconite mining and processing. However, the 95% CI indicates the data are also compatible with a null effect. Given the limitations we cite in the manuscript, additional study is needed to clarify the effect. Additionally, this study found possible evidence of a positive association between mesothelioma and cumulative exposure to Chatfield EMP, Suzuki EMP and Cleavage Fragments in the Minnesota taconite worker population.