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Designing and synthesis of cost-effective and improved methanol permeable and proton conductive membranes are the main challenges for preparation of polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEM). Herein, a cost-effective PEM membrane based on phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-grafted-cellulose acetate (CA) was prepared by a solution-casting technique. Water and methanol uptakes of phosphorylated PVA/CA membranes were characterized as function with the molar ratio of CA. Additionally, structure and morphology of phosphorylated PVA/CA (Ph-PVA/CA) membranes were verified by FT-IR analysis, SEM investigation. Furthermore, ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity and methanol permeation of Ph-PVA/CA membranes were examined based on the concentration of OPA basically. The results manifested a perceptible improvement in proton conductivity from 0.035 to 0.05 S/cm at 25 and 70 °C, respectively using 600 μL of OPA, and IEC of 2.1 meq/g using 400 μL of OPA at ambient temperature. On the other hand, methanol permeability (P = 1.08 × 10 –10 cm 2 /s) was lower than Nafion 117 admirably. The optimum OPA concentration was 200 μL according to conductivity measurements (at 10% PVA, 150 μL GA, and CA 7%). Finally, prepared Ph-PVA/CA membranes exhibited enhancement in critical natures such as proton conductivity and IEC combined with its low-cost materials, which make them excellent candidate as PEM for DMFCs application.

Di-indium tri-sulfuric (In 2 S 3 ) thin films are fabricated with annealing indium thin films in a sulfur environment. The effect of both annealing temperature and pressure on the structure, morphology, Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) of the prepared thin films showed different structural phases and morphology with varying annealing temperature and pressure. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the chemical composition and the atomic ratio of In/S for the In 2 S 3 thin films. The optimum annealing conditions of In 2 S 3 thin films are 550 °C and 100 Torr. The outcome results revealed a new good growth method for In 2 S 3 thin films to be used for different applications.

PMMA/PEG and PMMA/PEG doped with SiO 2 , TiO 2, and Al 2 O 3 were fabricated using the solution-casting technique. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which revealed that the amorphous nature of PMMA/PEG blend doped with Al 2 O 3 was hindered by the crystalline nature of those doped with SiO 2 and TiO 2 . The absorption of PMMA/PEG blend doped with Al 2 O 3 is higher, band gap energies were decreased from 4.90 eV for PMMA/PEG blend to 4.03 eV, 3.09 eV, and 2.09 eV for SiO 2 , TiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 doped PMMA/PEG blend, respectively. The dielectric constant, ε′ has a high value (2 × 10 4 ) for samples PMMA/PEG and SiO 2 /PMMA/PEG. While dielectric loss ε ″ -values decreased to < 100 for TiO 2 /PMMA/PEG and Al 2 O 3 /PMMA/PEG. Further, the fabricated composite SiO 2 /PMMA/PEG led to improvement the optical and dielectric properties compared with PMMA/PEG for optoelectronic such as manufacturing of optical fiber cables application. The results show TiO 2 /PMMA/PEG and Al 2 O 3 /PMMA/PEG are multifunctional can be used as low-permittivity nanodielectric and substrates to design the next generation of flexible electronic devices.

Infections originating from pathogenic microorganisms can significantly impede the natural wound-healing process. To address this obstacle, innovative bio-active nanomaterials have been developed to enhance antibacterial capabilities. This study focuses on the preparation of nanocomposites from thermally reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (TRGO/ZnO). The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize these nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis ( XRD ) , High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the potential of TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites as bio-active materials against wound infection-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Escherichia coli , was evaluated. Furthermore, the investigated samples show disrupted bacterial biofilm formation. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was conducted to investigate the mechanism of nanocomposite inhibition against bacteria and for further in-vivo determination of antimicrobial activity. The MTT assay was performed to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of nanocomposite. The results suggest that TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites have the potential to serve as effective bio-active nanomaterials for combating pathogenic microorganisms present in wounds.

Understanding and controlling the domain structures and their stability in ferroelectric thin films is crucial for advancing technologies such as energy storage, memory devices, and sensors. By optimizing domain behavior, it is possible to enhance the performance, efficiency, and reliability of ferroelectric-based systems in these applications. Here, we investigated the imprinted ferroelectric hysteresis loops and the imprinted ferroelectric domain structures of the PbTiO 3 (PTO) multilayer thin films, including the oxygen depletion layer. The PTO multilayer thin films were made of a structure of DPTO/PTO/Pt/glass by PTO and PbTiO 3−δ (DPTO) layers by pulsed laser deposition. When the thickness of the DPTO layer was increased to 0, 5, and 7.5 nm, it was observed that the imprint effects of the ferroelectric hysteresis loops of the PTO multilayer thin films increased significantly. Through the observation of ferroelectric domain structures via Piezoresponse force microscopy, it was confirmed that the imprinted ferroelectric hysteresis loops were favored in terms of free energy in one polarization direction. This emphatically verified the presence of imprinted ferroelectric domain structures. Our study offers new insights into the correlation between the thickness of the oxygen-deficient DPTO layer and the enhancement of imprinted ferroelectric hysteresis loops and domain structures in PbTiO₃ thin films. These findings propose a novel design strategy for optimizing ferroelectric properties to advance practical applications.

Barium Titanate (Gd x Ba (1−x) TiO 3 ) modified with replacing Barium (Ba) with Gadolinium (Gd) (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875, and 1 mol%) were synthesized via the a modified solid-state reaction method. This study elucidates the substitution mechanism of Gd 3+ ions into Ba 2+ ions sites, leading to the creation of Ba and oxygen vacancies to maintain charge neutrality. Structural analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and Raman spectroscopy, provided insights into the compositional and structural characteristics of the composites. A structural phase transition from near cubic tetragonal to orthorhombic was observed in Gd-modified BaTiO 3 , with coexisting phase noted in (Gd/Ba)TiO 3 samples. FE-SEM analysis revealed reduced particle size and particle shape morphology with increasing Gd content. Photoluminescence (PL) confirmed the impact of the immersion of Gd ions on the BaTiO 3 . Dielectric properties were examined across varying frequencies (100 Hz–10 MHz) and temperatures (30–500 °C), showing a decrease in dielectric constant with increasing Gd content and frequency. This study offers an effective modulation of electronic and dielectric properties through the controlled incorporation of Gd in BaTiO 3 material, which offers valuable insights for the development of advanced functional materials tailored for various technological applications.

This paper presents a new phase-shift modulation for isolated dual active bridge (DAB) direct current–direct current (DC–DC) converter. The proposed technique aims to minimize the maximum current stress of the converter, which could directly increase the efficiency and reduce the device losses. This modulation technique controls the converter power through only two phase-shift angles or two degrees of freedom; one phase shift is used between the legs of its first bridge and the other one between the legs of the second bridge. Although the traditional single-phase shift (SPS) technique has only one degree of freedom, it suffers from many drawbacks in terms of high current stress and reverse circulating power flow, which decrease the converter efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the number of phase-shift angles can enhance the system performance but also increase the control complexity. Thus, a comparative analysis between the proposed modulation technique and the traditional SPS was conducted; the new method showed better performance in terms of current stress reduction, along with implementation simplicity.

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) was doped with Neodymium Oxide (Nd 2 O 3 : 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 wt.%) to investigate its structural, optical, dielectric, and mechanical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that pure RPET exhibited an amorphous structure, while the incorporation ofNd 2 O 3 induced the formation of crystalline phases, with crystallinity increasing as the Nd 2 O 3 concentration increased. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified chemical interactions between RPET and Nd 2 O 3 , evidenced by a new band around 535 cm −1 . Optical analysis using diffuse reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a reduction in the band gap from 3.75 eV for pure RPET to 2.25 eV in 8wt.% doped samples, indicating enhanced optical properties. Dielectric studies revealed that Nd 2 O 3 doping significantly decreased the dielectric constant of RPET, contributing to the thermal stability of the dielectric constant. Furthermore, the dielectric loss and conductivity improved, with enhanced stability observed across varying temperatures. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that adding 8 wt.% Nd 2 O 3 reduced the storage modulus of RPET from 1.62 GPa to approximately 0.26 GPa at 35 °C, attributed to structural softening. These improvements suggest that Nd 2 O 2 -doped RPET is suitable for applications requiring conductive REPT, low storage modulus, thermal stability, and enhanced energy dissipation capabilities.

This study investigates the integration of graphene oxide (GO) into low nickel bio-grade stainless steel (LNBGSS) to enhance its corrosion resistance and assess its biocompatibility. Three concentrations of GO (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt%) were added to the steel matrix using the powder metallurgy method and annealed in a nitrogen environment. X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal that while the crystal structure of the steel remains largely unchanged, the morphology of the prepared samples exhibits minimal alteration post-GO integration. The average particle sizes ( D av ) of the studied samples were calculated. It was found that D av slightly changed with the content of GO. Based on the electrochemical analysis, the inhibition efficiency was determined in different ways and it increased markedly with increasing GO content in LNBGSS composites. Subsequently, biocompatibility assessment was conducted through in vivo studies on albino rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly allocated into six groups. The hematological parameters revealed a nonsignificant ( P  > 0.05) difference except for the rats treated with the low-nickel bio-grade stainless steel powder (LNBGSS) (S0), which had the lowest complete blood count in comparison with other groups. In spite, the hematological parameters of all groups were within the normal reference ranges. The biochemical indices also were not significantly ( P  > 0.05) different by assessment of liver enzymes and kidney functions for all examined groups. These findings suggested that the use of GO in modifying low nickel bio-grade stainless steel alloy is biologically safe and recommendable for enhancing this alloy’s properties.

Thermally active delayed fluorescence (TADF) of experimentally synthesized anthracene derivatives is studied. The studied compounds are named as 9-cyano-10-diphenylamino-anthracene (Cy-Anth-1), 9-( N -carbazolyl)-10-cyanoanthracene (Cy-Anth-2), 10-(benzofuro[2,3- b ] pyridin-6-yl)- N, N -diphenylanthracen-9-amine (Benzo4-Anth-1), 6-(10-(9 H -carbazol-9-yl) anthracen-9-yl) benzofuro[2,3- b ] pyridine (Benzo4-Anth-2). Chemical characterization and the structure-TADF relationship were determined using the DFT and TD-DFT techniques. The analysis of frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential indicated that the Benzo4-Anth-1 derivative is a good candidate for TADF due to its spatially separated donor and acceptor groups. The energy gap ΔE (S 1 -T 2 ) of Cy-Anth-1, Cy-Anth-2, Benzo4-Anth-1, and Benzo4-Anth-2 is 0.0057, -0.026, 0.0528, and -0.0635 eV, respectively. While ΔE (T 2 -T 1 ) for Cy-Anth-1, Cy-Anth-2, Benzo4-Anth-1, and Benzo4-Anth-2 is 0.759, 0.790, 1.019, and 0.926 eV, respectively. Donor (D = (N, N-diphenyl)) and acceptor (A = (10-(benzofuro[2,3-b] pyridin-6-yl)) in D-π-A system enhances the ΔE (S 1 -S 0 ) up to 2.837 eV and decreases ΔE (S 1 -T 2 ) to -0.0635 eV by making it good TADF material. Thermodynamic investigation revealed that the rise in temperature from 50–500 K, CV, CP, internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and ln (Q) increases, but Gibbs free energy (G) decreases.