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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of death in the world. Comprehensive risk assessment of patients presenting with chest pain and eliminating undesirable results should decrease morbidity and mortality rates, increase the quality of life of patients, and decrease health expenditure in many countries. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of patients with AMI are given in historical sequence, and some candidate biomarkers - hFABP, GPBB, S100, PAPP-A, RP, TNF, IL6, IL18, CD40 ligand, MPO, MMP9, cell-adhesion molecules, oxidized LDL, glutathione, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and D-dimer procalcitonin - with a possible role in the diagnosis of AMI are discussed. The present study was carried out using meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, and guidelines indexed in PubMed and Web of Science. These numerous AMI biomarkers guide clinical applications (diagnostic methods, risk stratification, and treatment). Today, however, TnI remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of AMI. Details in the text will be given of many biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI. We evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of routine enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers and the literature evidence of other candidate biomarkers in the diagnosis of AMI, and discuss challenges and constraints that limit translational use from bench to bedside.

Background. The aim was to investigate the amounts of saliva and serum asprosin in order to determine whether it is related to obesity and whether salivary glands synthesize asprosin or not. Methods. A total of 116 underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese (class I, class II, and class III) volunteers participated in the study. Saliva and blood samples were collected simultaneously from the participants. The amounts of asprosin in saliva, salivary gland tissue supernatants, and bloods were determined by ELISA, whereas asprosin synthesis sites of salivary gland tissues were determined immunohistochemically. Results. The amount of asprosin from the lowest to the highest was in the order as follows: underweight, normal weight (control), overweight, and obese classes I and III. The lowest level of asprosin was detected in underweight individuals. It was also found that the interlobular striated ducts and the interlobular ducts of the submandibular and parotid salivary glands produce asprosin. According to these data, the asprosin level is related with obesity as the amount increases in accordance with increasing body mass index (BMI). On the other hand, there is also a relationship between the underweight and asprosin because the amount decreases with BMI decrease. Conclusions. Asprosin, a new adipokine, may be a novel indicator of adipose tissue mass. Therefore, we anticipate that antiasprosin preparations may be an alternative in the treatment of obesity in the future.

During the past 20 y, there has been much interest in sugars and especially fructose in relation to human health. Over the past decade, considerable scientific debate and controversy have arisen about the potential health effects of sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and fructose itself. HFCS increasingly has been used as a sweetener in thousands of food products and soft drinks, leading to the development of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in both rodents and humans, which is associated with an increase in body weight. There is a need for detailed research on the mechanism underlying MetS that could lead to a remedy. This review will first systematically present a definition of MetS, its history, prevalence, and comparative diagnostic criteria. We will then consider fructose and its effects on human health, the diet-induced obesity model (various fat contents), the hypercholesterolemic model, the diabetes model, the hypertensive model, the MetS or insulin resistance model, and biomarkers related to MetS, in light of contemporary data using multiple databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and OVID).

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detects antigen-antibody interactions by using enzyme-labelled conjugates and enzyme substrates that generate colour changes. This review aims to provide an overview of ELISA, its various types, and its applications in detecting metabolites in biological fluids. The article discusses the history of the assay, its underlying principles and procedures, common ELISA protocols, and the most accurate and reliable techniques for measuring peptide molecules in biological fluids. Additionally, we emphasize best laboratory practices to achieve consistent, high-quality results and outline the essential materials for setting up an ELISA laboratory, drawing from our over 30 years of experience in the field.

Objective The neurological causes of suicide remain poorly understood. This study sought to ascertain whether there is a correlation between amygdala volume and suicidal behavior. Methods This case–control retrospective study included 193 participants—108 healthy controls and 85 individuals with a history of suicide attempts. Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging was conducted for each participant, and cross-sectional areas of the left and right amygdala were determined independently using freehand tracing. The total volume of the amygdala was determined by multiplying the thickness of the slices by the sum of the regions. Results Patients with a history of suicide attempts had significantly decreased amygdala volumes on both the right (p = 0.018) and left (p = 0.036) sides compared with controls. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined a cutoff value of 1825 mm³ for both hemispheres. The cutoff sensitivity and specificity for the right amygdala were 30.6% and 88%, whereas the values for the left amygdala were 31.8% and 84.3%, respectively. Conclusions This is the first study to show that individuals who had attempted suicide had considerably decreased left and right amygdala volumes, with receiver operating characteristic analysis indicating good specificity (84.3%–88%). According to these findings, a reduced amygdala volume might be a useful biomarker for identifying those who are at risk of attempting suicide.

Mammals have approximately 80 genes that encode potassium (K+) channels. They have a wide range of physiological functions, such as modulation of action potential duration and relaxation of smooth muscles. Carvacrol, a compound found in various aromatic plants, has been used traditionally for treating asthma, menstrual spasms, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, its mechanism of action on smooth muscles remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the role of potassium ion channels in the relaxing effects of carvacrol on isolated rat duodenum smooth muscles. Rats were euthanized and duodenal segments were prepared and placed in an isolated organ bath with Krebs’ solution. The segments were equilibrated for 1 h and then treated with chemicals to obtain concentrationresponse curves. The data were evaluated using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (Tukey’s HSD) test for multiple comparisons. Our findings demonstrate that carvacrol induces a dosedependent relaxation of these muscles. The relaxation effects were significantly reduced in the presence of specific potassium channel inhibitors, including paxilline, UCL1684, linopirdine, barium chloride, and 4-aminopyridine. They were completely blocked by the combination of barium chloride and tetraethylammonium. However, glibenclamide, ruthenium red, and nitroarginine did not alter the relaxing effects of carvacrol. In conclusion: carvacrol relaxes duodenum smooth muscles by opening barium chloride-sensitive Kir2.1 and Kir3.1, as well as tetraethylammoniumsensitive KCa1.1, KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa2.3, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv2.2, Kv4.1, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 potassium channels.

We have investigated how diabetes affects the expression of adropin (ADR) in rat brain, cerebellum, kidneys, heart, liver, and pancreas tissues. The rats in the diabetic group were administered an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in a 0.1 M phosphate–citrate buffer (pH 4.5). The rats were maintained in standard laboratory conditions in a temperature between 21 and 23 °C and a relative humidity of 70 %, under a 12-h light/dark cycle. The animals were fed a standard commercial pellet diet. After 10 weeks, the animals were sacrified. ADR concentrations in the serum and tissue supernatants were measured by ELISA, and immunohistochemical staining was used to follow the expression of the hormones in the brain, cerebellum, kidneys, heart, liver, and pancreas tissues. The quantities were then compared. Increased ADR immunoreaction was seen in the brain, cerebellum, kidneys, heart, liver, and pancreas in the diabetes-induced rats compared to control subjects. ADR was detected in the brain (vascular area, pia mater, neuroglial cell, and neurons), cerebellum (neuroglial cells, Purkinje cells, vascular areas, and granular layer), kidneys (glomerulus, peritubular interstitial cells, and peritubular capillary endothelial cells), heart (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), liver (sinusoidal cells), and pancreas (serous acini). Its concentrations (based on mg/wet weight tissues) in these tissues were measured by using ELISA showed that the levels of ADR were higher in the diabetic rats compared to the control rats. Tissue ADR levels based on mg/wet weight tissues were as follows: Pancreas > liver > kidney > heart > brain > cerebellar tissues. Evidence is presented that shows ADR is expressed in various tissues in the rats and its levels increased in STZ-induced diabetes; however, this effect on the pathophysiology of the disorder remains to be understood.

Background/Objectives: The most prevalent metabolic condition during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), typically diagnosed in the second or third trimester and absent prior to gestation, with a reported prevalence ranging between 1% and 14%. Although the pathogenesis of GDM is thought to involve increased insulin resistance, impaired beta-cell function and mass, and a heightened inflammatory state, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to look into any possible relationships between GDM and particular inflammatory biomarkers (Maresin-1 [MaR-1], high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein [Hs-CRP]) as well as microbiota-derived metabolites (Trimethylamine-N-oxide [TMAO], S-Equol, and Indoxyl Sulfate [IS]). Methods: A total of 44 pregnant women were enrolled in this study, comprising 22 women with GDM and 22 healthy pregnant controls. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum levels of TMAO, IS, Hs-CRP, MaR-1, and S-Equol were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Serum levels of MaR-1 and S-Equol were significantly reduced in the GDM group compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of TMAO, IS, or Hs-CRP between the GDM and control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The observed reductions in MaR-1 and S-Equol levels among GDM patients suggest a potential role for these anti-inflammatory mediators in the inflammatory processes associated with GDM. That is, these findings imply that the advantages of using these MaR-1 and S-Equol could be predictive for GDM.

Backround Diabetic retinopathy is a disease seen with microvascular complications as a result of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Alarin and Adipsin are molecules with a role in energy and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine plasma and aqueous levels of Alarin and Adipsin in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy to evaluate their potential roles in diabetic retinopathy. Methods The study included one eye from each of 20 cataract patients without diabetes (C), 20 cataract patients with diabetes and without diabetic retinopathy (DM + C), and 20 cataract patients with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR + C). Plasma and aqueous humour samples were taken from all patients during the cataract operation. Alarin and Adipsin levels were examined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Both plasma and aqueous Alarin levels were significantly higher in the patients with diabetic retinopathy than in the control group ( p  < 0.001, p  = 0.006). Adipsin levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma in the control group than in the DR + C group and significantly higher in aqueous in the DR + C group than in the control group ( p  < 0.001, p  < 0.001). Conclusion These findings suggest that Alarin and Adipsin may play important role in diabetic retinopathy.

Background and Objectives: Obesity has become one of the most significant health problems nowadays, with its prevalence rapidly increasing. Approaches such as diet and exercise play an important role in the treatment of obesity. This study aimed to investigate the responses of uric acid, irisin, adiponutrin, adropin, and copeptin levels to exercise and metformin intervention in obesity. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups: healthy control (HC), sham (S), obese control (OC), metformin (M), exercise (E), metformin + exercise (ME), and decapitation (D). After obesity was induced through a 12-week high-fat diet, obese rats underwent a 4-week aerobic exercise and metformin intervention. Results: Uric acid, irisin, adiponutrin, adropin, and copeptin levels were determined using an ELISA method. Copeptin levels significantly decreased in the ME group (p < 0.001). Irisin levels significantly increased in the E and ME groups (p < 0.001). The most notable increases in adropin levels occurred in the E and ME groups (p < 0.001). Uric acid levels were highest in the OC group but significantly lower in the E and M groups (p < 0.001). Adiponutrin levels did not change in response to exercise or metformin intervention in obesity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that exercise and metformin intervention may play an effective role in obesity management.