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This article sheds light on motherhood as a theme which - to my knowledge - has not been thoroughly explored to date in Dollie Radford's volumes of poetry published in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It positions Radford's depiction of the theme within Victorian conventions, and simultaneously in line with the radical meanings embraced by her contemporary women poets, including Christina Rossetti, Alice Meynell and Augusta Webster. In doing so, the article approaches the representation of motherhood at different levels, thereby eschewing a fixed reading of the selected poems. It offers an insight into Radford's conflict as a mother who wishes to enlighten both her children and the future generation away from the prevailing doctrines. Thus, the argument presented herein adds to the existing body of knowledge on Radford and challenges the gendered readings imposed upon her poems by Victorian reviewers.

Aligning with the Ministry of Culture's vision of promoting Saudi national art and identity, this study offers a literary-cultural evaluation of two approaches for translating two poems by Ibrahim Khafaji: the Saudi national anthem, \"Hasten\", written in formal Arabic, and the love poem titled, \"I See You Every Day, Then Leave\", written in informal Arabic. The study examines the translations of the poetry from Arabic to English using Google Translate and Google Gemini and ChatGPT (AI tools). Results indicate that AI is more effective in conveying the cultural essence of the poems, although both Gemini and ChatGPT surpassed Google Translate in delivering reliable translations, ChatGPT provided the most acceptable models from both poetic and cultural perspectives. The inaccuracy in translation models can be corrected through collaboration with human translators to ensure maximum accuracy. Despite being regarded as a national and cultural icon, English-language scholarly articles have neglected promoting Khafaji's works outside the Middle East. Therefore, this study aids in the international promotion of Saudi poetry by using AI translation. The study's originality lies in highlighting the value of Saudi poetry and the utility of AI in facilitating the translation and global dissemination of Saudi poetry.

This thesis sheds light on Dollie Radford as one of the talented women writers whose work is still insufficiently acknowledged by contemporary studies because of the lack of extant information about her life. LeeAnne Richardson, Ruth Livesey, and Emily Harrington are three of only a handful of scholars who have discussed in any detail Radford's role as a poet, socialist, and activist who was surrounded by key figures in the history of English literature and culture, such as William Morris, Oscar Wilde, Eleanor Marx, and Olive Schreiner. Despite being identified by Victorian reviewers as a “domestic” woman poet, all contemporary scholars who have hitherto considered Radford pinpoint her “radical” thoughts and engagement with the New Woman. Building on arguments by Radford's contemporary scholars, my argument highlights Radford's role as a Victorian feminist who sought, through her poetry, to challenge patriarchal attitudes and defy social conventions which imprisoned women of her generation. While the first two chapters of this thesis provide a contextual background of women's rights and women's poetry in the Victorian era, the four remaining chapters explore how Radford's personal conflict as an ignored married woman and unsupported writer might have influenced her empathetic portrayal of marginalised figures, such as prostitutes, the working classes, women writers, and homosexuals. Simultaneously, the chapters highlight the subversive meanings obscured by Radford's use of evocative and aesthetic language. The majority of the poems, letters, and diary entries included here are unpublished and have not yet been considered by contemporary critics. Thus, this research adds to the existing body of knowledge, offering a new approach to Radford's life and poetry in relation to aspects concerning women in Victorian and Edwardian England. By continuously interrogating Radford's choice of metaphors and images in contrast with those depicted by other Victorian poets, I aim to establish Radford as a significant fin-se-siècle woman poet whose poetry embraces a literary tradition which questions negative gendered attitudes biased against passionate women writers.

In line with the recent and ongoing technological changes in Saudi Arabia, which place greater emphasis on cinema and film adaptations, this study aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating films and visual media into literature courses on students' understanding of and motivation towards literary texts. The participants were 41 fourth-level female students in the Department of English at Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. The treatment group (n=21) read Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House (1879) and watched the adapted film, whereas the control group (n=20) was asked to only read the play and discuss it in class. The findings revealed that the treatment group performed better in terms of answering questions about play after watching the film adaptation. It is suggested that incorporating film adaptations into literature courses has a positive impact on English as a foreign language students' understanding of assigned literary texts. This research adds a new case study to the expanding literature. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

This study traces the symbol of the shadow and its association with women's interior position in selected Victorian poems. It shows how, in their use of the symbol, both male and female poets represent women as abandoned in the shadow of their male contemporaries. Before addressing the poems selected, the study commences by reviewing recent scholarship, which refers to the term shadow in connotation with negative attributes during the Victorian period. It also provides an overview of Victorian novels, which similarly represent female characters as being held captive in the shadows. Although the poems included in this study belong to the same historical period, they have not been linked before, to the best of our knowledge, by contemporary scholars. Furthermore, the symbol of the shadow, with its association with gloominess, darkness, grief, and isolation, has not been thoroughly explored to date. Thus, the argument presented herein is a comprehensive addition to existing literature. It offers new insights into a symbol which a number of major Victorian poets drew upon to demonstrate women's seclusion, including Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Emily Brontë, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Back Ground: The respiratory fungal infection has increased globally, becoming an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as patients with Diabetic Mellitus (DM), cancer patients. The most common fungal related result from species that belong genera include: Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Mucor spp. Clinically respiratory fungal infection was nonspecific and indistinguishable from other infection, making early diagnosis and correct treatment essential and urgent. Laboratory diagnosis involves traditional diagnostic methods, such as direct and culture, which are still considered the gold standards but have low sensitivity, time consuming and is sometimes only confirmed in late stages. Molecular method as High Resolution Melting (HRM PCR) for Broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) to detect and identify of most clinically important fungal pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity are showing the potential assay to replace traditional diagnostic assay. Material and method: One hundred seventeen (BAL) lavage sample from patients with respiratory disease were submitted to conventional methods (culture) and molecular method (HRM PCR) for detection of most common infection of fungal respiratory tract. Results: Out of the 117 BAL samples collected in the study, in the age group (61–70) years recorded the highest pulmonary diseases, 34 (29.0%), whereas the age group (31–40) recorded the lowest prevalence of pulmonary diseases was 3 (2.5%). There was significant association between age and prevalence of pulmonary diseases (P = 0.055). Males had relatively higher prevalence of fungal isolates, 18 (60%) than females' counterpart, 12(40%) it was no significant association was seen between sex and the prevalence of fungal pathogens (P = 0.55). Based on the risk factors considered in the study, participants with smoking, cancer and diabetic mellitus had a significantly higher risk of pulmonary fungal pathogens. By culture method, the following Fungi were identified: Candida spp. Twenty (66.6%), five (16.6%) samples were Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp. 4 (13.3%), and only one (3.3%) sample as Mucor spp. while by molecular method (Multiplex HRM PCR) the result of 29 (24.7%) samples which were culture and conventional PCR positive detected, 15 (51.7%) were positive including: 8 (53.3%) Candida spp., 4(26.6%) Aspergillus spp., 2(13.3%) Cryptococcus neoformans, and only one (4.3%) Mucor spp. Conclusion: Referring to fungal species which was detected by culture method and HRM using specificspecies primers include: Candida pp. Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp. and Mucor spp. It was seen that, Candida spp. and Apergillus spp. Had the highest positive percentages among other species. Multiplex HRM PCR is a faster analysis with high sensitive 100% to detect the most common fungal pathogens. Despite a cost-effective, make it an ideal tool for fast screening in patients at risk of fungal respiratory infection.