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Macaques, Macaca fascicularis , are a known reservoir of Plasmodium knowlesi, the agent of simian malaria which is the predominant zoonotic species affecting humans in Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries. Recently, a naturally acquired human infection of another simian malaria parasite, P. cynomolgi has been reported. Thus, it is crucial to study the distribution of simian Plasmodium infections with particular attention to the macaques. Four hundred and nineteen (419) long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) were trapped in selected areas where human cases of P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi have been reported. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to identify the Plasmodium spp., and circumsporozoite protein (CSP) genes of P. knowlesi samples were sequenced. Plasmodium cynomolgi infection was shown to be the most prevalent among the macaque population (68.4%). Although 50.6% of analyzed samples contained single infections either with P. knowlesi , P. cynomolgi , P. inui , P. coatneyi , or P. fieldi , mixed infections with double, triple, quadruple, and all 5 species were also detected. Infection with P. cynomolgi and P. knowlesi were the highest among Malaysian macaques in areas where humans and macaques are in close contact. The risk of zoonotic infection in these areas needs to be addressed since the number of zoonotic malaria cases is on the rise. With the elimination of human malaria, the risk of humans being infected with simian malaria is very high and steps should be taken to mitigate this issue. Les macaques, Macaca fascicularis , sont un réservoir connu de Plasmodium knowlesi , l’agent du paludisme simien qui est l’espèce zoonotique prédominante affectant les humains en Malaisie et dans d’autres pays d’Asie du Sud-Est. Récemment, une infection humaine acquise naturellement par un autre parasite du paludisme simien, P. cynomolgi , a été signalée. Ainsi, il est crucial d’étudier la distribution des infections simiennes à Plasmodium avec une attention particulière pour les macaques. Quatre cent dix-neuf (419) macaques à longue queue ( Macaca fascicularis ) ont été piégés dans des zones sélectionnées où des cas humains de P. knowlesi et P. cynomolgi avaient été signalés. La réaction en chaîne par polymérase (PCR) nichée a été menée pour identifier les Plasmodium spp. et les gènes de la protéine circumsporozoïte (CSP) des échantillons de P. knowlesi ont été séquencés. L’infection à P. cynomolgi s’est avérée la plus répandue parmi la population de macaques (68,4 %). Bien que 50,6 % des échantillons analysés montraient des infections simples avec soit P. knowlesi , P. cynomolgi , P. inui , P. coatneyi ou P. fieldi , des infections mixtes avec deux, trois, quatre ou même les cinq espèces ont également été détectées. L’infection par P. cynomolgi et P. knowlesi était la plus élevée parmi les macaques malais dans les zones où les humains et les macaques sont en contact étroit. Le risque d’infection zoonotique dans ces zones doit être pris en compte car le nombre de cas de paludisme zoonotique est en augmentation. Avec l’élimination du paludisme humain, le risque d’être infecté par le paludisme simien est très élevé et des mesures doivent être prises pour atténuer ce problème.

This study investigates the effects of slip parameters and velocity power index parameter along with wall thickness on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of a Williamson nanofluid through a stretching sheet in porous medium. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the relevant similarity variables. These nonlinear ODEs are solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg in MAPLE software. The effects of the pertinent parameters on the velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles are presented graphically. The impact of the physical parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number are computed and analyzed. The velocity profile increases when the velocity slip parameter increases. The temperature slip and nanoparticle fraction slip parameters reduce the temperature and the nanoparticle volume fraction profiles respectively. The temperature and the nanoparticle volume fraction profiles significantly increase due to the increase in the velocity power index. An opposite behaviour is observed on different values of the wall thickness parameter when the power index is less than one compared to greater than one.

Background A retrospective review of clinical manifestations and demographic pattern of patients diagnosed as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) from 7 hospitals in Malaysia. An analysis of the available database would establish clinical characteristics, diagnoses and outcome including microbiologic pattern. Studying the demography allows us to document the occurrence of CGD amongst multiethnic groups and its geographical distribution for Malaysia. Methods Data from the Malaysia Primary Immunodeficiency Network (MyPIN) with cases of CGD diagnosed from 1991 until 2016 were collated and analysed. Results Twenty patients were diagnosed as CGD. Males (N = 13, 65%) outnumber females (N = 7, 35%). CGD is commonest amongst the Malays (65%) followed by the Chinese (15.0%), Indians (10.0%) and natives of Borneo (10.0%), reflecting the ethnic composition of the country. The mean age of diagnosis was 3.7 years. There was a positive family history in 40% of the cases. Abscess was the main presenting feature in 16 patients (80%) with one involving the brain. Pneumonia occurred in 10 (50%) and one with complicated bronchiectasis. Catalase-positive bacteria were the most commonly isolated pathogen with Chromobacterium violaceum predominating (N = 5, 25%) with consequent high mortality (N = 4, 80%). All CGD patients with C. violaceum infection displayed CD4 + (T helper cells) lymphopenia. Conclusion This study has shown CGD occurs in the major ethnic groups of Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and the largest series of chronic granulomatous disease in South East Asia which may be reflective of similar clinical pattern in the region. C. violaceum infection is associated with a higher mortality in CGD patients in Malaysia. All the CGD patients with C. violaceum infection in this patient series displayed CD4 + (T helper) lymphopenia. We recorded rare clinical manifestation of CGD viz. brain abscess and bronchiectasis.

Instant coffee (Nescafé) and non-dairy creamer (Coffee- Mate) are commonly consumed beverages all over the world. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of consumption some instant coffee drinks on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and total testosterone (T.T) of the experimental rats. Samples of different types of instant coffee were analyzed to identify their active substances. Effect of instant coffee on (CEA), (T.T) of experimental rats were studied. Results showed that chemical analysis of caffeine level, chlorogenic, and antioxidant values recorded lower level in Mix (3×1) type than classic type of coffee. While, acrylamide showed the high percentage in Mix (3×1) type. Consumption induced significant increase (P< 0.05) in. Glucose, (TC) and (TG) levels in mix 3 ×1 groups, opposite to the classic groups. (CEA) was also increased in both types of coffee in comparison with control. While, (T.T) were significantly decreased at the highest concentration of mix 3× 1. Histopathological, hepatic vacuolation with inflammatory cells, besides congestion and dilatation of blood vessels were detected. It could be concluded that coffee supplied miserable effect on consumer. Further studies are intensively needed on effect of coffee additions on health status.