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Natural plant extracts provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly option for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles, as opposed to traditional chemical or physical methods. This research involved the bio-fabrication of silver-titanium dioxide bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-TiO 2 BNPs) utilizing the leaf extract of Pluchea indica . The Ag-TiO 2 BNPs underwent characterization through UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, XRD, and DLS techniques. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results revealed an absorbance peak at 350 nm, which confirms the successful synthesis of Ag-TiO 2 BNPs. TEM observations revealed that the average diameter of the Ag-TiO 2 BNPs varied between 10 and 60 nm. The assessment of the anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant bioactivities of the biosynthesized Ag-TiO 2 BNPs was conducted. Results revealed that the IC50 of Ag-TiO 2 BNP against Wi-38 normal cell line was 169.6 µg/mL. Moreover, Ag-TiO 2 BNPs exhibited anticancer activity against MCF-7 cancerous cell line with an IC50 of 33.5 µg/mL. Furthermore, the produced Ag-TiO 2 BNPs exhibited antibacterial properties against a range of pathogenic bacterial strains, with MIC varying from 31.25 to 62.5 µg/mL. Additionally, Ag-TiO 2 BNPs showed antioxidant activity with IC50 225 µg/mL. In conclusion, Ag-TiO 2 BNPs was successfully biosynthesized using P. indica leaves, where it had anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.

Background and Objectives: This study introduces an innovative approach to accelerating wound healing by leveraging the bactericidal properties of mycosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and their combination with curcumin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study aims to evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy, impact on quorum sensing-associated virulence factors, and potential therapeutic applications in wound healing. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CuO-NPs were determined to be 25 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL, respectively. At sub-inhibitory concentrations (0.5 MIC, 0.25 MIC, and 0.125 MIC), their effects on P. aeruginosa growth and quorum sensing-associated virulence factors were assessed. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity were also evaluated. Additionally, the combination of CuO-NPs and curcumin (CUR) was tested for its enhanced wound-healing efficacy. Results: While CuO-NPs did not inhibit P. aeruginosa growth at sub-inhibitory concentrations, they significantly reduced quorum sensing-associated virulence factors in a dose-dependent manner: LasB elastase (81.8%, 60.6%, and 53.03%), LasA protease (70%, 68.5%, and 57.1%), and pyocyanin (85.7%, 71.4%, and 55.9%). CuO-NPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. The combination of CuO-NPs and CUR demonstrated the highest wound-healing efficacy, outperforming the negative control and Mebo ointment by 193.9% and 61.6%, respectively. Additionally, CuO-NPs exhibited selective cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells while displaying minimal toxicity toward normal human skin cells. Conclusions: CuO-NPs, particularly in combination with CUR, show promising potential as a therapeutic agent for wound healing by inhibiting quorum sensing-associated virulence factors, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity, and demonstrating selective cytotoxicity. These findings highlight their potential biomedical applications.

The transferable genetic elements are associated with the dissemination of virulence determinants amongst Klebsiella pneumoniae. Thus, we assessed the correlated antimicrobial resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Each isolate’s ability to biosynthesize biofilm, carbapenemase, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase were examined. Genotypically, the biofilm-, outer membrane porin-, and some plasmid-correlated antimicrobial resistance genes were screened. About 50% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant while 98.4% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers and 89.3% were carbapenem-resistant. Unfortunately, 93.1% of the multidrug-resistant isolates produced different biofilm levels. Additionally, fimD and mrkD genes encoding adhesins were detected in 100% and 55.2% of the tested isolates, respectively. Also, the blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM-encoding carbapenemases were observed in 16.1%, 53.6%, and 55.4% of the tested isolates, respectively. Moreover, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase-associated genes were detected at 95.2% and 61.3%, respectively. Furthermore, aac(3)IIa, qnrB, and tetB resistance-correlated genes were observed in 38.1%, 46%, and 7.9% of the tested isolates, respectively. Certainly, the tested antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes were concurrently observed in 3.2% of the tested isolates. These findings confirmed the elevated prevalence of various antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The concurrent transferring of plasmid-encoding antimicrobial resistance-related genes could be associated with the possible acquisition of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae phenotypes.

The employment of plant extracts for green production of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) has gotten significant consideration because of its cheap, ecological, single–step, and easily scalable procedures. This methodology enables the manufacture of biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) with improved activity. In this study, an environmentally friendly approach was utilized to biosynthesize manganese oxide–silver BNPs (MnO–Ag BNPs) using Cucumis melo ( C. melo ) peel extract (CPE), which served as the source of the required reducing and stabilizing materials. Several spectroscopic analytical methods, including ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy–dispersive X–ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X–ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were applied for careful confirmation and characterization of successful MnO–Ag BNPs assembly. This work introduces a novel green route employing CPE for MnO–Ag BNPs synthesis, providing distinct phytochemical efficiency and multifunctional bioactivity compared with previously reported plant–based systems. The biosynthesized MnO–Ag BNPs bacterial inhibitory capability as well as free radical scavenging effect were evaluated. Also, human kidney normal epithelial–derived cells (Vero cell line CCL–81) was employed for assessment of the cytotoxic outcome of MnO–Ag BNPs at various concentrations. Regarding the elemental composition, the manganese (Mn) and Ag contents were detected by the UV–vis, XRD, and EDX studies with consequent validation of MnO–Ag BNPs biosynthesis. The range of the assessed BNPs size was 2 to 10 nm with average diameter of 5.8 ± 1.7 nm and an average area of 22.7 nm 2 . Analysis based on EDX technique revealed the presence of Mn and Ag metals with 23.7–46.6% of the atomic percentages and 32.2–28.0% of the weight percentages, respectively. The biosynthesized NPs showed strong free radical scavenging, achieving 85–90% inhibition at higher concentrations. The cytotoxic activity findings indicated no significant harmful effects, at concentration range of 31.25–250 µg/mL, on Vero cell line. Additionally, the viability of the tested cell line infected with herpes simplex virus type–1 (HSV–1) significantly increased from 43% (untreated) to 78–99% when treated with 125 µg/mL MnO–Ag BNPs and acyclovir, respectively. Moreover, the inhibition rates achieved against the tested virus were 73% for MnO–Ag BNPs and 99% for acyclovir. These outcomes highlight the potential of MnO–Ag BNPs as promising candidates for biomedical and antiviral applications. Graphical abstract

Clinical isolates of ( ) are among the most recovered bacteria with phenotypic antimicrobial resistance. Bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) have received much attention for antimicrobial activity in the last decade. This research aimed to biosynthesize bimetallic copper oxide-selenium nanoparticles (CuO-Se BNPs) and to assess its bioactivity on various clinical isolates. Based on the possible synergistic effects, CuO-Se BNPs were selected and biosynthesized using leaf extract of ( ) for the first time. The obtained BNPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The capability of Cu-Se BNPs to cease the growth of isolates and to reduce their virulence characters was evaluated. Also, different cell lines were used to assess its cytotoxicity and anticancer activity. The elemental composition of CuO and Se was revealed by the UV, XRD, and EDX data, indicating the synthesis of CuO-Se core shell BNPs with a size of 50 nm. In well diffusion assay, CuO-Se BNPs growth with 10-21 mm inhibition zone diameter and 38-95% inhibition. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were in a relatively wide range of 7.8-250 μg/mL and 31.2-500 μg/mL, respectively, with tolerance level range of 2-16. Additionally, CuO-Se BNPs shown anti-pyocyanin activity of 4.35-63.21% inhibition while the anti-proteolytic activity was in a range of 4.96-12.59% and anti-pyoverdine effect was in a range of 0.24-83.41%. The IC50 against Wi-38 normal cells was 267.2 µg/mL while the IC50 were 31.1 and 83.4 µg/mL against MCF-7 and Hep-G2, respectively, indicating promising anticancer activity. This research demonstrates the promising antibacterial, anti-virulence, and antitumor properties with safe low concentrations of CuO-Se NPs, synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis method without the use of toxic chemicals, offering a sustainable and cost-effective alternative.

Trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs) have emerged as a pivotal area of research due to their unique properties and diverse applications across medicine, agriculture, and environmental sciences. This review provides several novel contributions that distinguish it from existing literature on trimetallic nanoparticles (TMNPs). Firstly, it offers a focused exploration of TMNPs, specifically addressing their unique properties and applications, which have been less examined compared to other multimetallic nanoparticles. This targeted analysis fills a significant gap in current research. Secondly, the review emphasizes innovative biosynthesis methods utilizing microorganisms and plant extracts, positioning these green synthesis approaches as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical methods. This focus aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable practices in nanotechnology. Furthermore, the review integrates discussions on both medical and agricultural applications of TMNPs, highlighting their multifunctional potential across diverse fields. This comprehensive perspective enhances our understanding of how TMNPs can address various challenges. Additionally, the review explores the synergistic effects among the different metals in TMNPs, providing insights into how these interactions can be harnessed to optimize their properties for specific applications. Such discussions are often overlooked in existing studies. Moreover, this review identifies critical research gaps and challenges within the field, outlining future directions that encourage further investigation and innovation in TMNP development. By doing so, it proactively contributes to advancing the field. Finally, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration among material scientists, biologists, and environmental scientists, emphasizing the importance of diverse expertise in enhancing the research and application of TMNPs.

Abstract Aim: To raise \"personalized periodontal diagnosis and prognosis\" knowledge, Tregs, pro/anti-inflammatory interleukins (ILs) beside vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) in serum and gingival cervical exudate of periodontally healthy individuals, plaque-induced gingivitis, and stage 3, grade B periodontitis patients were evaluated. Materials and Methods: An observational trial of different periodontal statuses according to 2018 periodontal classification was established from 60 subjects segregated into three equivalent groups (control periodontally healthy, gingivitis, and stage 3, grade B periodontitis). Peripheral blood and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected, to get GCF samples, inserted paper point in the pocket of the patient's teeth then the samples were placed with phosphate-buffered saline in Eppendorf. The peripheral blood was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-coated vacutainer tubes. Frequency of CD4+ CD25+High Tregs was detected using flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mann-Whitney U test analysis was manipulated to distinguish the statistical discrepancies. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was utilized to tie in the studied parameters. Result: Frequency of CD4+ CD25+High T cells were significantly ascendant in periodontitis than gingivitis and healthy (P ≤ 0.01; P = 0.04) and significantly superior in gingivitis than healthy (P = 0.01). There was no interdependence between systemic IL-21, IL-33, IL-22, IL-35, and the periodontal conditions except systemic VDBP, which significantly increased with the progression of the periodontal tissue inflammation. GCF compartments of IL-21, IL-33, and VDBP significantly increased with progression inflammation and GCF compartments of IL-22 and IL-35 significantly decreased with periodontal breakdown. Conclusion: Local increase of Treg is positively associated with increased local pro-inflammatory cytokines. This increment is more aggravated in periodontitis. Therefore, Tregs may have synergistic effects with periodontal disease progression.

The unregulated administration of currently available antimicrobial agents resulted in overspreading of resistant microbial phenotypes. In this study, Mucor racemosus was used for biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through fungi-based ecofriendly approach. The biosynthesized of ZnO NPs was initially considered based on analytical practices including UV–vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, their cytotoxicity and anticancer activity were analyzed using suitable cell lines and their antioxidant effect was also assessed. Microbiologically, their inhibitory activity was comparatively evaluated against various methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Characterization of ZnO NPs displayed a distinct maximum absorption peak at 320 nm appeared in the UV–vis. Also, TEM revealed predominantly spherical ZnO NPs with particle size distribution ranging from 15 to 55 nm (mean size ≃ 40 nm). The normal cell line (Wi-38) illustrated the biosafety of ZnO NPs, where results showed IC 50 of 197.2 µg/mL. Furthermore, ZnO NPs exhibited promising suppressive activity on Hep-G2 cancerous cell with IC 50 of 51.4 µg/mL. Besides, ZnO NPs displayed antioxidant activity where IC 50 was 69.2 µg/mL. As well, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ecofriendly ZnO NPs against the tested MRSA and MSSA isolates were ranged from 32 to 512 µg/mL. Also, their minimum bactericidal concentrations against the tested MSSA was in lower range, 32–1024 µg/mL, than the recorded range, 128–1024 µg/mL, against the MSSA. Also, the crystal violet (CV) assay showed an eradication potential of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs on MRSA and MSSA biofilm in a range of 23.24–73.96% and 6.63–74.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the ecofriendly synthesized ZnO NPs with antioxidant and anticancer activities demonstrated promising inhibitory effect on planktonic growth form of MRSA and MSSA clinical isolates with capability to eradicate their preformed biofilm. To achieve their full potential, future research needs to enhance the synthesis process to make ZnO NPs more uniform and scalable, as well as investigate their action mechanisms at the molecular level.