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"Bai, Hua"
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Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is an important pattern recognition receptor in human innate immunity. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Theories explaining activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome include the reactive oxygen species theory, the lysosomal damage theory and the mitochondrial DNA theory. The NLRP3 activation promotes occurrence of AD by producing IL-1β, IL-18 and other cytokines, and then by affecting the deposition of Aβ and tau proteins. Over-activated NLRP3 inflammasome often impair cell function and induces immune-related diseases. Some mechanisms have been found to negatively regulate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be through receptor binding blocking mechanism, autophagy related mechanism, abnormal cytokine secretion mechanism, or interference related gene expression regulation mechanism. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms by which the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes affects the pathogenesis of AD, and the recent advances in the prevention and treatment of AD by controlling the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. By researching the activation or inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome, it is possible to reveal the pathogenesis of AD from a new perspective and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Journal Article
Impeding Turbulence Decay in Self-gravitating Cloud Cores
Turbulence governs the fragmentation of molecular clouds and plays a pivotal role in star formation. The persistence of observed cloud turbulence suggests it does not decay significantly within the turnover timescale, implying a recurrent driving mechanism. Although ubiquitous self-gravity is a plausible driver, magnetohydrodynamic simulations by E. C. Ostriker et al. in 2001 demonstrated that self-gravity alone does not modify the global turbulence decay rate. In this study, we demonstrate that the dominant diffuse volume of a cloud dictates its overall decay rate, while individual dense cores can maintain near-zero decay rates. Crucially, this phenomenon is absent in control simulations excluding self-gravity. This discrepancy cannot be attributed to contamination of turbulent velocities by core contraction because most cores in our simulations remain in a quasi-equilibrium state. Our analysis reveals that the gravitational potential energy released during core formation—not necessarily driven by self-gravity but also by turbulent compression—is sufficient to sustain the observed turbulence levels within cores.
Journal Article
Mechanism analysis, anti-corrosion techniques and numerical modeling of corrosion in energy industry
Pipelines are the main transmission systems in energy industry thanks to its distinguished advantages on the low cost and high reliability. In order to ensure a safe and smooth pipeline operation, careful attentions must be paid to avoid structure failure and surface defect, which can both be attributed to corrosion. The past two decades has borne remarkable progress in our understanding of corrosion, with a tremendous increase in publications studying corrosion mechanisms and simulation. A review is constructed in this paper with three parts: mechanism analysis, anti-corrosion technique introduction, and numerical modeling and simulation. In mechanism, varieties of corrosions are found in engineering practice based on different electrochemical reaction conditions. The effect of temperature, pH, pressure, flow properties and steel types are reviewed and the mutual influence of these factors is presented. Short introductions to protect the pipelines from these corrosion mechanisms are attached respectively and a thorough comparison is also conducted. Advantages and shortcomings of popular coating techniques are concluded based on published studies, and special focus is paid on the idea of cathodic protection. Modeling of the electrochemical reaction process is incorporated with transportation equations to govern the direct numerical studies on pipeline corrosions. Meanwhile, empirical models have been proposed to estimate corrosion growth from both deterministic and stochastic points of view. Finite element method has been proved to be an effective approach to simulate pipeline corrosion and further integrity analysis. Suggestions on future studies on the numerical modeling and simulation of pipeline corrosion have been provided on three directions: advanced multiphase flow simulation schemes, thermodynamic analysis and the usage of big data technique and machine learning algorithm. This paper is wished to be helpful for the scholars who are interested in the numerical studies on pipeline corrosion and the engineers who are supporting pipeline operation and integrity management.
Journal Article
Turbulence in Zeeman Measurements from Molecular Clouds
Magnetic fields (B fields) play an important role in molecular cloud fragmentation and star formation but are very difficult to detect. The temporal correlation between the field strength (B) and gas density (n) of an isolated cloud has been suggested as an indication of the dynamical importance of B fields relative to self-gravity. This temporal B–n relation is, however, unobservable. What can be observed using Zeeman measurements are the “spatial B–n relations” from the current plane of the sky. Nevertheless, the temporal B–n relation argument has still been widely used to interpret observations. Here we present the first numerical test of the legitimacy of this interpretation. From a simulation that can reproduce the observed Zeeman spatial B ∝ n 2/3 relation, we found that temporal B –n relations of individual cores bear no resemblance to the spatial B –n relations. This result inspired us to discover that the true mechanism behind the 2/3 index is random turbulence compression instead of symmetrical gravitational contraction.
Journal Article
Observation of the antiferromagnetic spin Hall effect
The discovery of the spin Hall effect
1
enabled the efficient generation and manipulation of the spin current. More recently, the magnetic spin Hall effect
2
,
3
was observed in non-collinear antiferromagnets, where the spin conservation is broken due to the non-collinear spin configuration. This provides a unique opportunity to control the spin current and relevant device performance with controllable magnetization. Here, we report a magnetic spin Hall effect in a collinear antiferromagnet, Mn
2
Au. The spin currents are generated at two spin sublattices with broken spatial symmetry, and the antiparallel antiferromagnetic moments play an important role. Therefore, we term this effect the ‘antiferromagnetic spin Hall effect’. The out-of-plane spins from the antiferromagnetic spin Hall effect are favourable for the efficient switching of perpendicular magnetized devices, which is required for high-density applications. The antiferromagnetic spin Hall effect adds another twist to the atomic-level control of spin currents via the antiferromagnetic spin structure.
A magnetic spin Hall effect is reported in the collinear antiferromagnet Mn
2
Au.
Journal Article
Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds—Observation and Interpretation
The Zeeman effect and dust grain alignment are two major methods for probing magnetic fields (B-fields) in molecular clouds, largely motivated by the study of star formation, as the B-field may regulate gravitational contraction and channel turbulence velocity. This review summarizes our observations of B-fields over the past decade, along with our interpretation. Galactic B-fields anchor molecular clouds down to cloud cores with scales around 0.1 pc and densities of 104–5 H2/cc. Within the cores, turbulence can be slightly super-Alfvénic, while the bulk volumes of parental clouds are sub-Alfvénic. The consequences of these largely ordered cloud B-fields on fragmentation and star formation are observed. The above paradigm is very different from the generally accepted theory during the first decade of the century, when cloud turbulence was assumed to be highly super-Alfvénic. Thus, turbulence anisotropy and turbulence-induced ambipolar diffusion are also revisited.
Journal Article
Cluster magnetic octupole induced out-of-plane spin polarization in antiperovskite antiferromagnet
Out-of-plane spin polarization
σ
z
has attracted increasing interests of researchers recently, due to its potential in high-density and low-power spintronic devices. Noncollinear antiferromagnet (AFM), which has unique 120° triangular spin configuration, has been discovered to possess
σ
z
. However, the physical origin of
σ
z
in noncollinear AFM is still not clear, and the external magnetic field-free switching of perpendicular magnetic layer using the corresponding
σ
z
has not been reported yet. Here, we use the cluster magnetic octupole in antiperovskite AFM Mn
3
SnN to demonstrate the generation of
σ
z
.
σ
z
is induced by the precession of carrier spins when currents flow through the cluster magnetic octupole, which also relies on the direction of the cluster magnetic octupole in conjunction with the applied current. With the aid of
σ
z
, current induced spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of adjacent perpendicular ferromagnet is realized without external magnetic field. Our findings present a new perspective to the generation of out-of-plane spin polarizations via noncollinear AFM spin structure, and provide a potential path to realize ultrafast high-density applications.
One consistent challenge in spintronics is electrical control of the magnetisation. Here, You et al demonstrate switching of magnetisation in a heterostucture composed of Mn3SnN and Permalloy, making use of the out-of-plane spin polarization induced by currents in the antiferromagnetic Mn3SnN.
Journal Article