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Using a green synthesis route based on Mangifera indica (mango) leaf extract, this study successfully produced molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) nanorods. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic α-MoO3 phase with a crystallite size of 15.30 nm. FTIR analysis verified the presence of Mo–O and Mo = O bonding vibrations, while SEM revealed uniformly distributed nanorods with well-defined morphology. The dielectric constant measured at 25°C was approximately 9, with a low temperature coefficient of permittivity (− 89 ppm/°C) over the frequency range 20 Hz–1 MHz, indicating thermal stability suitable for LTCC applications. The material exhibited strong UV absorption with a pronounced peak at 213 nm, high visible transmittance approaching 60%, and an optical bandgap of 4.72 eV, confirming its potential for UV-protective coatings, transparent electronics, and optoelectronic devices. Overall, the green-synthesized MoO₃ nanorods demonstrate a sustainable production method with promising structural, dielectric, and optical performance for advanced energy storage and electronic applications.

Photosynthetic cyanobacterial components are gaining great economic importance as prospective low-cost biostimulants for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles with valuable medical and industrial applications. The current study comprises the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using soluble polysaccharides isolated from Spirulina platensis (PSP) as reducing and capping agents. FTIR spectra showed major functional groups of PSP and biogenic silver nanoparticles including O–H, C–H (CH2), C–H (CH 3 ), C=O, amide, and COO– groups. The UV/Vis spectroscopy scan analyses of the extracted PSP showed absorption spectra in the range of 200–400 nm, whereas the biogenic Ag-NPs showed a maximum spectrum at 285 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the synthesized Ag-NPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean size between 12 and 15.3 nm. The extracted PSP and Ag-NPs exhibited effective cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma). The IC 50 for PSP and Ag-NPs were 65.4 and 24.5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, cell apoptosis assays for PSP and Ag-NPs against the growth of Hep-G2 cells revealed superior growth inhibitory effects of the green synthesized Ag-NPs that encouraged tracing the apoptotic signalling pathway. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated an unprecedented approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs), using the polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis as reducing and capping agents, with superior anticancer activity against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

In this study, new polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites were developed by doping with tin oxide (SnO 2 ) nanoparticles at varying concentrations (2%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight) via solution casting. The dielectric properties and alternating current (AC) conductivity of SnO 2 /PMMA were examined. The impact of SnO 2 ratio, frequency and temperatures on the electrical properties were investigated. Unlike previous studies with limited conditions, our work systematically explores a broad frequency–temperature range, revealing deeper insights into interfacial polarization and charge transport. Results showed that the doping with SnO 2 nanoparticles significantly enhanced the dielectric constant (ε′), particularly at lower frequencies, due to increased interfacial polarization (Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect). The dielectric loss (ε″) also increased with SnO 2 content and temperature, reflecting enhanced interfacial polarization and restricted polymer chain mobility. The AC conductivity followed a power-law dependence on frequency, indicating charge hopping mechanisms, with higher conductivities observed in SnO 2 -doped PMMA. The real and imaginary parts of the electric modulus (M’ and M″) increased with nanoparticle content, suggesting improved dielectric relaxation. These results demonstrate that SnO 2 nanoparticles effectively enhance the dielectric and conductive properties of PMMA, making these composites suitable for advanced electronic applications.

The purpose of the current investigation was to produce cinammaldehyde-based chalcone derivatives (3a–k) to evaluate their potential effectiveness as antioxidant and inhibitory agents versus human Caco-2 cancer cells. The findings obtained using the DPPH assay showed that compound 3e had the highest effective antioxidant activity with the best IC50 value compared with the other compounds. Moreover, the cytotoxic findings revealed that compound 3e was the best compound for inhibiting Caco-2 development in contrast to all other produced derivatives, with the lowest IC50 concentration (32.19 ± 3.92 µM), and it also had no detrimental effects on healthy human lung cells (wi38 cells). Exposure of Caco-2 cells with this IC50 value of compound 3e resulted in a substantial rise in the number of early and late cells that are apoptotic with a significant comet nucleus when compared with control cells employing the annexin V/PI and comet evaluations, respectively. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and ELISA examinations indicated that compound 3e significantly altered the expression of genes and their relative proteins related to apoptosis in the treated Caco-2 cells, thus significantly inhibiting Caco-2 growth through activating Caspase-3 via an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. As a result, compound 3e could serve as an effective therapy for human colon cancer.

Composite dielectric materials with different dielectric characteristics are crucial for energy storage devices. In this study, a composite material of 5 wt.% metal (M)/bentonite (Bento) (M = Cd, Cu, Fe, or Zn) was synthesized using a wet impregnation technique to examine the effect of metal incorporation in bentonite. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, and impedance analysis were carried out to investigate the structural, morphological, electrical, and dielectric properties of the samples. A low-frequency dielectric response provided evidence of dielectric relaxation, which was associated with local charge polarizations occurring at the grain (or particle) site. A reduction in the dielectric constant was observed in metal-doped composites, attributed to the variation in grain size and the resulting change in the dipole number per unit volume generated by doping. Interestingly, the AC conductivity dispersion decreased for dopants with a larger ionic radius, in line with qualitative expectations. Tight-binding calculations demonstrated that the changes in binding energy, hardness, and the positioning of the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of Bento were responsible for the differences in dielectric properties resulting from the incorporation of different metals into Bento. Thus, our results demonstrate the successful metal doping-induced tunability of the dielectric and structural properties of Bento, with significant implications for its use as supercapacitor (optimal dopant is Fe, as it induces larger permittivity), and hence its polarizability. The lowest permittivity was achieved for Cd doping, suggesting its potential use for insulator applications.

Energy storage applications received great attention due to environmental aspects. A green method was used to prepare a composite of nickel–iron-based spinel oxide nanoparticle@CNT. The prepared materials were characterized by different analytical methods like X-ray diffraction, X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmitted electron microscopy (TEM). The synergistic effect between nickel–iron oxide and carbon nanotubes was characterized using different electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging/discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitances of the pristine NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@CNT were studied in different electrolyte concentrations. The effect of OH− concentrations was studied for modified and non-modified surfaces. Furthermore, the specific capacitance was estimated for pristine and modified NiFe2O4 at a wide current range (5 to 17 A g−1). Thus, the durability of different surfaces after 2000 cycles was studied, and the capacitance retention was estimated as 78.8 and 90.1% for pristine and modified NiFe2O4. On the other hand, the capacitance rate capability was observed as 65.1% (5 to 17 A g−1) and 62.4% (5 to 17 A g−1) for NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@CNT electrodes.

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Selective metal ions’ extraction and recovery has various applications in the analytical field. Metal ions need to be extracted, detected, and quantified. For that purpose, ion‐imprinted polymers have earned a great deal of attention during the past two decades. Pd2+ ion‐imprinted hollow silica particles including an isatin Schiff base were prepared by Schiff base condensation of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and isatin. The prepared Schiff base ligand was coordinated to the target Pd2+ cations, the polymerizable Pd‐complex was set aside to form gel in the company of tetraethoxysilane and the target Pd2+ cations were subsequently removed from the cross‐linked silica network by means of acidified thiourea solution. All materials throughout this synthesis process were investigated utilizing mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, FTIR, and 1H‐NMR. The morphological structure of both Pd2+ ion‐imprinted and non‐ion‐imprinted silica polymer were pictured by scanning electron microscopy. Several batches were studied exploiting both Pd2+ ion‐imprinted and non‐ion‐imprinted silica polymer to test their functionality for selective extraction of Pd2+ cations in multi‐ionic solution of Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Pd2+.

This study uses an incipient wet impregnation method to look into the structural and dielectric properties of Bentonite that have been changed by adding different amounts of Ce and Zn. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the montmorillonite phase was the most common in Ce- and Zn-doped bentonite. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and quartz (Q) were also found. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated enhanced platelet aggregation and porous structures in doped compounds. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of Si, Al, Na, Ce, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cl, Fe, and K elements. Dielectric analysis, focusing on frequency and temperature dependence, unveiled an inverse relationship between frequency and the dielectric constant. Additionally, a strong correlation between temperature and dielectric properties was established through regression equations, indicating an increase in dielectric constant with temperature. Electric modulus analysis showed dispersion at high frequencies, suggesting charge carrier mobility. The AC conductivity analysis showed that the conductivity consistently decreased as the temperature rose. There were clear frequency-independent plateaus and intrinsic charge carrier relaxation that were seen. A fitting analysis showed that charge carriers hopped and the dielectric relaxed, and adding Ce and Zn made the material less conductive. The novelty of this paper lies in its focus on examining the dielectric characteristics of doped materials based on bentonite, particularly concerning the incorporation of Zn and Ce. Graphical Abstract Highlights Investigation of structural and dielectric properties of Bentonite modified with Ce and Zn. Utilization of incipient wet impregnation technique for modification. Enhanced platelet aggregation and porous structures observed in doped compounds via SEM. Dispersion at high frequencies indicated by electric modulus analysis. Decrease in conductivity with rising temperature observed in AC conductivity analysis. Charge carrier hopping, and dielectric relaxation mechanisms identified through fitting analysis. Incorporation of Ce and Zn resulted in reduced conductivity in the materials.

This study represent the synthesis and electrical conductivity of two focused dicationic pyridinium ionic liquids (DiILs) carrying tetrafluoroborate and/or hexafluorophosphate as counter anion. Thus, the synthesis required quaternization of the pyridine nitrogen atoms first, followed by a metathetical exchange reaction to produce the task‐specific ILs bearing tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate as counter anions. The resulting DiILs were characterized by NMR and MS spectroscopy. The dielectric constant and the conductivity of the targeted DiILs were analyzed in detail, within a frequency‐range of 1 KHz to 0.3 MHz and a temperature range of 25–100°C. Density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations were also carried out at the base site, B3LYP 6–311 g (d,p), for the Syn/E isomers of the investigated ionic liquids (ILs). We found non‐coplanar molecular geometries with a twist angle of the Schiff base, dependent on the type of counter ion present. The energy levels and differences of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) were also predicted using DFT calculations. The results revealed that the ILs incorporating BF4− as counter anions showed high HOMO and LUMO values with a higher energy gap, while low FMOs with a lower energy gap were recorded for the derivative encompassing PF6− counter anions. These findings were used to help explain the dielectric properties of the investigated DiILs. We have synthesised bis‐pyridinium ionic liquids containing tetrafluoroborate and/or hexafluorophosphate and investigated their electrical conductivity. Two dicationic ionic liquids (DiILs) were prepared via quaternization of the nitrogen atom in pyridinium followed by a metathetical reaction to give task specific ILs tethering tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate as counter anions. The resulting DiILs were characterized by NMR and MS spectroscopy. The dielectric constant and the conductivity of the targeted DiILs were analyzed in detail, within a frequency‐range of 1 KHz to 0.3 MHz and a temperature range of 25 to 100°CC. Density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations were carried out at the base site, B3LYP 6‐311g (d,p), for the Syn/E isomers of the investigated ionic liquids. We found non‐coplanar molecular geometries with a twist angle of the Schiff base, dependent on the type of counter ion present. The energy levels and difference of the frontier molecular orbitals FMOs were also predicted using DFT calculations. Whereas the BF4 derivative shows high HOMO and LUMO values with a higher energy gap, the PF6 derivative shows low FMOs with a lower energy gap. These results were used to understand the dielectric properties of the investigated liquids.