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species are filarial parasites that infect humans worldwide. Although these infections are common, knowledge of the pathology and diversity of the causative species is limited. Furthermore, the lack of sequencing data for species, shows that their research is neglected. Apart from Mansonella perstans, a potential new species called sp \"DEUX\" has been identified in Gabon, which is prevalent at high frequencies. We aimed to further determine if sp \"DEUX\" is a genotype of M. , or if these are two sympatric species. We screened individuals in the area of Fougamou, Gabon for Mansonella mono-infections and generated de novo assemblies from the respective samples. For evolutionary analysis, a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed, and the differences and divergence times are presented. In addition, mitogenomes were generated and phylogenies based on 12S rDNA and cox1 were created. We successfully generated whole genomes for M. perstans and sp \"DEUX\". Phylogenetic analysis based on annotated protein sequences, support the hypothesis of two distinct species. The inferred evolutionary analysis suggested, that M. perstans and sp \"DEUX\" separated around 778,000 years ago. Analysis based on mitochondrial marker genes support our hypothesis of two sympatric human Mansonella species. The results presented indicate that sp \"DEUX\" is a new species. These findings reflect the neglect of this research topic. And the availability of whole genome data will allow further investigations of these species.

is the most common non-falciparum species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this, data on its genetic diversity is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to establish a genotyping approach based on size polymorphic regions that can be easily applied in molecular epidemiological studies. Four potential genotyping markers, Pm02, Pm09, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (pmtrap), and merozoite surface protein fragment 2 (pmmsp1 F2) were amplified via nested PCR and analysed using automated capillary gel electrophoresis. We observed the highest allelic diversity for pmtrap (MOI = 1.61) and pmmsp1 F2 (He = 0.81). Further applying the two markers pmtrap and pmmsp1 F2 on a different sample set of 21 positive individuals followed up over one week, we saw a high consistency in their performance. The results show a large complexity and high dynamics of infections in the asymptomatic Gabonese study population. We successfully implemented a new genotyping panel for consisting of only two markers: pmtrap and pmmsp1 F2. It can be easily applied in other settings to investigate the genotype diversity of populations, providing further important data on the molecular epidemiology of this parasite species.

The world has been confronted with the COVID-19 pandemic for more than one year. Severe disease is more often found among elderly people, whereas most young children and adolescents show mild symptoms or even remain asymptomatic, so that infection might be undiagnosed. Therefore, only limited epidemiological data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and young adults are available. This study aims to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children from the city of Tübingen, Germany, and to measure the incidence of new cases over 12 months. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies will be measured in saliva as a surrogate for a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Children will be sampled at their preschools, primary schools, and secondary schools at three time points: July 2020, October to December 2020, and April to July 2021. An adult cohort will be sampled at the same time points (ie, adult comparator group). The saliva-based SARS-CoV-2-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay will be validated using blood and saliva samples from adults with confirmed previous SARS-CoV-2 infections (ie, adult validation group). The first study participant was enrolled in July 2020, and recruitment and enrollment continued until July 2021. We have recruited and enrolled 1850 children, 560 adults for the comparator group, and 83 adults for the validation group. We have collected samples from the children and the adults for the comparator group at the three time points. We followed up with participants in the adult validation group every 2 months and, as of the writing of this paper, we were at time point 7. We will conduct data analysis after the data collection period. Infection rates in children are commonly underreported due to a lack of polymerase chain reaction testing. This study will report on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in infants, school children, and adolescents as well as the incidence change over 12 months in the city of Tübingen, Germany. The saliva sampling approach for SARS-CoV-2-antibody measurement allows for a unique, representative, population-based sample collection process. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04581889; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04581889. DERR1-10.2196/27739.