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"Bhattacharya, Joydeep"
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المراقبة : رواية
ماذا نتوقع حين تحول مواطنة أفغانية قاعدة في الجيش الأميركي بأكملها إلى رهائن ؟ هذا السؤال المحرك الذي حوله الروائي جويديب روي - باتاشاريا في روايته (المراقبة The Watch) إلى قضية موضوعية (Thematic Statement) تسرد عالم الحرب الأميركية الأخيرة في أفغانستان في دائرة تجمع بين بسالة أنتيغون شخصية في الأدب اليوناني القديم، رسمها سوفوكليس، بصورة متحدية ومستعدة للمخاطرة بحياتها كي يحظى جسد أخيها بطقوس الدفن المناسبة، وبين شخصية معاصرة من الباشتون وهي نظام رسمها الروائي وشكلها على غرار أنتيغون كي تواجه مصيرا مشابها لما وصلت إليه أنتيغون في المأساة اليونانية. ينفتح المشهد الروائي في المراقبة على موقع القتال تارساندان في مقاطعة قندهار/أفغانستان حيث ألقى الأميركان قنبلة أفنت عائلة من الباشتون بكاملها، وفتاة شابة تجر عربتها تنظر بعيدا إلى الجبال التي أمضت عمرها فيها. هي نظام الناجية الوحيدة من الهجوم على منزلها، وقد بدت دون ساقين ؛ بدأت رحلتها وهي تضغط الأرض براحتي كفها تدفع عربتها إلى الأمام، تمضي عبر المسارات الجبلية الوعرة، قاصدة قاعدة للجيش الأميركي احتفظت بجثة أخيها فقررت المطالبة بها لكي تدفنها وفقا للشريعة الإسلامية، لقد كان يوسف في نظرها ذلك البطل الباشتوني الذي قاوم الطالبان واستشهد وهو يحارب الغزاة الأميركان، باقتحامه معقلا لهم. أما بالنسبة للأميركان فقد كان قائدا طالبانيا وإرهابيا ومتمردا تسبب بموت رجال القيادة لذلك وجب التخلص منه.
Book
A Fusion-Based Machine Learning Approach for Autism Detection in Young Children Using Magnetoencephalography Signals
In this study, we aimed to find biomarkers of autism in young children. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) in thirty children (4–7 years) with autism and thirty age, gender-matched controls while they were watching cartoons. We focused on characterizing neural oscillations by amplitude (power spectral density, PSD) and phase (preferred phase angle, PPA). Machine learning based classifier showed a higher classification accuracy (88%) for PPA features than PSD features (82%). Further, by a novel fusion method combining PSD and PPA features, we achieved an average classification accuracy of 94% and 98% for feature-level and score-level fusion, respectively. These findings reveal discriminatory patterns of neural oscillations of autism in young children and provide novel insight into autism pathophysiology.
Journal Article
Flow in contemporary musicians: Individual differences in flow proneness, anxiety, and emotional intelligence
Flow is a highly focussed state of consciousness that is rewarding, fulfilling, and sought after by many, especially musicians. It is characterised by exceptional levels of concentration, loss of self-consciousness, and competent control over one’s actions. Several personality and non-cognitive traits have been positively linked with flow proneness, such as emotional intelligence; however, anxiety is thought to be the antithesis of flow, yet the relationship between trait anxiety and flow proneness in musicians is not adequately characterised. This study investigated the individual differences in flow proneness in contemporary musicians ( N = 664), focusing on the interaction of trait anxiety and emotional intelligence. We identified a significant negative correlation between trait anxiety and flow. Emotional intelligence was positively correlated with flow proneness and negatively with trait anxiety. Moderation analysis revealed a difference in the relationship between trait anxiety and flow depending on the level of emotional intelligence; there was no correlation in those with low emotional intelligence, whereas a strong negative relationship was found in those with high emotional intelligence. Finally, hierarchical regression indicated that musical training was the most substantial predictor of all the tested variables and that trait anxiety did not add any predictive power on top of the known predictors. Altogether, this study provided new insights into the possible disruption of flow proneness linked to high anxiety and low emotional intelligence in contemporary musicians.
Journal Article
Deconstructing Insight: EEG Correlates of Insightful Problem Solving
Cognitive insight phenomenon lies at the core of numerous discoveries. Behavioral research indicates four salient features of insightful problem solving: (i) mental impasse, followed by (ii) restructuring of the problem representation, which leads to (iii) a deeper understanding of the problem, and finally culminates in (iv) an \"Aha!\" feeling of suddenness and obviousness of the solution. However, until now no efforts have been made to investigate the neural mechanisms of these constituent features of insight in a unified framework.
In an electroencephalographic study using verbal remote associate problems, we identified neural correlates of these four features of insightful problem solving. Hints were provided for unsolved problems or after mental impasse. Subjective ratings of the restructuring process and the feeling of suddenness were obtained on trial-by-trial basis. A negative correlation was found between these two ratings indicating that sudden insightful solutions, where restructuring is a key feature, involve automatic, subconscious recombination of information. Electroencephalogram signals were analyzed in the space x time x frequency domain with a nonparametric cluster randomization test. First, we found strong gamma band responses at parieto-occipital regions which we interpreted as (i) an adjustment of selective attention (leading to a mental impasse or to a correct solution depending on the gamma band power level) and (ii) encoding and retrieval processes for the emergence of spontaneous new solutions. Secondly, we observed an increased upper alpha band response in right temporal regions (suggesting active suppression of weakly activated solution relevant information) for initially unsuccessful trials that after hint presentation led to a correct solution. Finally, for trials with high restructuring, decreased alpha power (suggesting greater cortical excitation) was observed in right prefrontal area.
Our results provide a first account of cognitive insight by dissociating its constituent components and potential neural correlates.
Journal Article
An EEG Dataset on Aesthetic and Creative Judgments of Brief Structured Poetry
Understanding how the brain engages with poetic language is key to advancing empirical research on aesthetic and creative cognition. We present a 64-channel EEG and behavioural dataset from 51 participants who read and evaluated 210 short English-language texts (70 Haiku, poems focusing on nature; 70 Senryu, poems focusing on emotion; 70 structurally-matched non-poetic control texts). Participants rated each stimulus on five dimensions (aesthetic appeal, vivid imagery, emotional impact, originality and creativity) on a 7-point scale. The dataset includes time-aligned EEG and behavioural responses, self-report trait measures, and rich stimulus metadata. Further, the dataset also includes resting state EEG data before and after the experiment. Exploratory validation analysis revealed condition-specific spectral power differences and trial-level brain-behaviour associations. By combining poetic structure, subjective evaluation, and high-temporal-resolution neural activity, this comprehensive dataset enables detailed investigation into neuroaesthetics, cognitive poetics, and the neuroscience of creativity.
Journal Article
Why mandate young borrowers to contribute to their retirement accounts?
Many countries, in an effort to address the problem that many retirees have too little saved up, impose mandatory contributions into retirement accounts, that too, in an age-independent manner. This is puzzling because such funded pension schemes effectively mandate the young, the natural borrowers, to save for retirement. Further, present-biased agents disagree with the intent of such schemes and attempt to undo them by reducing their own saving or even borrowing against retirement wealth. We establish a welfare case for mandating the middle-aged and the young to contribute to their retirement accounts, even with age-independent contribution rates. We find, somewhat counterintuitively, that even though the young responds by borrowing more, that too at a rate higher than offered by pension savings, their lifetime utility increases.
Journal Article
Predict the writer’s trait emotional intelligence from reproduced calligraphy
Trait emotional intelligence (EI) describes an individual’s ability to control their emotions. In Chinese calligraphy, there is a saying that “the character reflects the person.” This raises a hypothesis: is it possible to predict a writer’s trait EI from their calligraphy reproductions? To test this hypothesis, we propose a predictive method that integrates deep learning with aesthetic features of calligraphy. First, a hard pen calligraphy reproduction dataset was constructed, consisting of 48,826 reproduced characters from 191 participants, with corresponding trait EI scores and reproduction skill score ratings. A Siamese neural network was then used to extract deep feature differences between the reproduction characters and the reference characters, which were further combined with handcrafted features for regression-based predictions. Experimental results show that, using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) as evaluation metrics, this method’s ability to predict the writer’s trait EI from calligraphy reproductions (MAE: 0.463, MSE: 0.462, PCC: 0.730) significantly outperforms human evaluative abilities (MAE: 1.006, MSE: 1.740, PCC: 0.145), confirming that calligraphy reproductions indeed contain latent information about the writer’s trait EI.
Journal Article
The intergenerational welfare state and the rise and fall of pay-as-you-go pensions
This article develops a theory of the two-armed intergenerational welfare state, consistent with key features of modern welfare arrangements, and uses it to rationalise the rise and fall in generosity of pay-as-you-go pensions solely on efficiency grounds. By using the education arm, a dynamically-efficient welfare state is shown to improve upon long-run laissez faire even when market failures are absent. To release these downstream welfare gains without hurting any transitional generation, help from the pension arm is needed. In the presence of an intergenerational education externality, pensions initially rise in generosity but can be replaced by fully funded pensions eventually.
Journal Article
Music for a Brighter World: Brightness Judgment Bias by Musical Emotion
A prevalent conceptual metaphor is the association of the concepts of good and evil with brightness and darkness, respectively. Music cognition, like metaphor, is possibly embodied, yet no study has addressed the question whether musical emotion can modulate brightness judgment in a metaphor consistent fashion. In three separate experiments, participants judged the brightness of a grey square that was presented after a short excerpt of emotional music. The results of Experiment 1 showed that short musical excerpts are effective emotional primes that cross-modally influence brightness judgment of visual stimuli. Grey squares were consistently judged as brighter after listening to music with a positive valence, as compared to music with a negative valence. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the bias in brightness judgment does not require an active evaluation of the emotional content of the music. By applying a different experimental procedure in Experiment 3, we showed that this brightness judgment bias is indeed a robust effect. Altogether, our findings demonstrate a powerful role of musical emotion in biasing brightness judgment and that this bias is aligned with the metaphor viewpoint.
Journal Article
Cardiac afferent activity modulates early neural signature of error detection during skilled performance
Behavioral adaptations during performance rely on predicting and evaluating the consequences of our actions through action monitoring. Previous studies revealed that proprioceptive and exteroceptive signals contribute to error-monitoring processes, which are implemented in the posterior medial frontal cortex. Interestingly, errors also trigger changes in autonomic nervous system activity such as pupil dilation or heartbeat deceleration. Yet, the contribution of implicit interoceptive signals of bodily states to error-monitoring during ongoing performance has been overlooked. This study investigated whether cardiovascular interoceptive signals influence the neural correlates of error processing during performance, with an emphasis on the early stages of error processing. We recorded musicians’ electroencephalography and electrocardiogram signals during the performance of highly-trained music pieces. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies revealed that pitch errors during skilled musical performance are preceded by an error detection signal, the pre-error-negativity (preERN), and followed by a later error positivity (PE). In this study, by combining ERP, source localization and multivariate pattern classification analysis, we found that the error-minus-correct ERP waveform had an enhanced amplitude within 40–100 ms following errors in the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. This component could be decoded from single-trials, was dissociated from the preERN and PE, and stemmed from the inferior parietal cortex, which is a region implicated in cardiac autonomic regulation. In addition, the phase of the cardiac cycle influenced behavioral alterations resulting from errors, with a smaller post-error slowing and less perturbed velocity in keystrokes following pitch errors in the systole relative to the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle. Lastly, changes in the heart rate anticipated the upcoming occurrence of errors. This study provides the first evidence of preconscious visceral information modulating neural and behavioral responses related to early error monitoring during skilled performance.
•Cardiovascular interoceptive signals modulate neural signatures of error-monitoring.•Cardiovascular influence on neural processes within 100 ms after error commission.•Faster behavioral adaptations following performance errors during the cardiac systole.•Larger inferior parietal lobe response to performance errors during cardiac systole.•Anticipatory changes in cardiovascular information prior to errors.
Journal Article