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Background/Objectives: Soluble factors and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial tissue repair mediators in cell-based therapy. In the present study, we investigate the therapeutic impact of EVs released by adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) recovered from obese subjects’ visceral and subcutaneous tissues. Methods: ASCs were recovered from 10 obese (oASCs) and 6 non-obese (nASCs) participants and characterized. In selected experiments, nASCs and oASCs were cultured with palmitic acid (PA) or high glucose (HG), respectively. EVs from obese (oEVs) and non-obese (nEVs) subjects’ visceral and subcutaneous ASCs were collected after ultracentrifugation and analyzed for their cargo: microRNA-126 (miR-126), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and for their biological effects on endothelial cells (ECs). Western blotting analysis and loss- and gain-of function experiments were performed. Results: oEVs show impaired angiogenic potential compared with nEVs. This effect depends on EV cargo: reduced content of VEGF, MMP-2 and, more importantly, miR-126. We demonstrate, using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, that this reduced miR-126 content leads to Spred1 upregulation and the inhibition of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in ECs. We also show that PA treatment of nASCs translates into the release of EVs that recapitulate oEV cargo. Moreover, HG treatment of oASCs further reduces miR-126 EV content and EV-mediated in vitro angiogenesis. Finally, impaired pro-angiogenic potential is also detected in EVs released from obese subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived ASCs. Conclusions: These results indicate that obesity impacts on EV pro-angiogenic potential and may raise concerns about the use of adipose tissue-derived EVs in cell-based therapy in the obese setting.

Metastasis accounts for most of cancer-related deaths. Paracrine signaling between tumor cells and the stroma induces changes in the tumor microenvironment required for metastasis. Transcription factor c-Myb was associated with breast cancer (BC) progression but its role in metastasis remains unclear. Here we show that increased c-Myb expression in BC cells inhibits spontaneous lung metastasis through impaired tumor cell extravasation. On contrary, BC cells with increased lung metastatic capacity exhibited low c-Myb levels. We identified a specific inflammatory signature, including Ccl2 chemokine, that was expressed in lung metastatic cells but was suppressed in tumor cells with higher c-Myb levels. Tumor cell-derived Ccl2 expression facilitated lung metastasis and rescued trans-endothelial migration of c-Myb overexpressing cells. Clinical data show that the identified inflammatory signature, together with a MYB expression, predicts lung metastasis relapse in BC patients. These results demonstrate that the c-Myb-regulated transcriptional program in BCs results in a blunted inflammatory response and consequently suppresses lung metastasis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soluble factors and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial tissue repair mediators in cellbased therapy. In the present study, we investigate the therapeutic impact of EVs released by adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) recovered from obese subjects' visceral and subcutaneous tissues. METHODS: ASCs were recovered from 10 obese (oASCs) and 6 non-obese (nASCs) participants and characterized. In selected experiments, nASCs and oASCs were cultured with palmitic acid (PA) or high glucose (HG), respectively. EVs from obese (oEVs) and non-obese (nEVs) subjects' visceral and subcutaneous ASCs were collected after ultracentrifugation and analyzed for their cargo: microRNA-126 (miR-126), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), and for their biological effects on endothelial cells (ECs). Western blotting analysis and loss- and gain-of function experiments were performed. RESULTS: oEVs show impaired angiogenic potential compared with nEVs. This effect depends on EV cargo: reduced content of VEGF, MMP-2 and, more importantly, miR-126. We demonstrate, using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, that this reduced miR-126 content leads to Spred1 upregulation and the inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in ECs. We also show that PA treatment of nASCs translates into the release of EVs that recapitulate oEV cargo. Moreover, HG treatment of oASCs further reduces miR-126 EV content and EV-mediated in vitro angiogenesis. Finally, impaired pro-angiogenic potential is also detected in EVs released from obese subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived ASCs. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that obesity impacts on EV pro-angiogenic potential and may raise concerns about the use of adipose tissue-derived EVs in cell-based therapy in the obese setting. International Journal of Obesity (2016) 40, 102-111; doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.123

A case of modelling uncertainties in spectrum sensing is examined, whereby the interference that, in addition to additive noise, affects a sensor has an unknown probability distribution, and only its maximum power is known. Application of moment-bound theory allows the derivation of sharp (i.e. achievable) upper and lower bounds to the performance of the sensor. Coherent and energy detectors are analysed.

This brief report presents a case study of the duration of the suppressive effects of licorice on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the renin-aldosterone system before and after licorice withdrawal in a patient with chronic licorice intoxication

It is shown that when the number of receiving antennas is large, space-time codes designed under a Euclidean-distance criterion are also good for quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels.

It is shown that when the number of receiving antennas is large, space-time codes designed under a Euclidean-distance criterion are also good for quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels.

While multiple-access communication dates back to systems invented in the 1870's to transmit simultaneous data through a single wire, the foundation of the discipline now known as 'multiuser information theory' was laid in 1961, when Claude E. Shannon published his paper on two-way channels. Since then, multiuser information theory has been an extremely active research area, and has seen a large number of fundamental contributions, covering, besides the two-way channel studied in, multiple access, interference, broadcast, and wiretap channels. However, several key canonical problems have defied many efforts. This book brings together leading experts working in the fields of information theory, coding theory, multiple user communications, discrete mathematics, etc., who survey recent and general results on multiple-access channels (rate regions, rate splitting, etc.), and give an overview of the problems of current CDMA solutions (fading channels, multi-user detection, multiple-antenna systems, iterative joint decoding, OFDMA, etc.). This publication consist of three parts. The first part includes chapters devoted to the information-theoretical aspects of multiple-access communication. In the second part, multiple-access techniques are discussed and the third part of this volume covers coding techniques.