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"Bond, Brian"
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Dimensional stability and equilibrium moisture content of thermally modified hardwoods
The dimensional stability and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of thermally modified hardwoods were studied. Lumber of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera); red oak (Quercus borealis); white ash (Fraxinus americana), red maple (Acer rubrum); hickory (Carya glabra), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) were modified in industrial thermo-vacuum system. The water absorption rate, EMC, swelling, anti-swelling efficiency, shrinkage, anti-shrinkage efficiency, and anisotropy of the specimens were measured and compared to unmodified wood. The results show that thermal modification significantly decreased water absorption of wood which leads to improved dimensional stability. Specifically, thermally modified wood showed reduced EMC (22% in hickory to 59% in red maple), increased water absorption repellent (14.9% in black cherry to 29.6% in yellow-poplar), increased anti-swelling efficiency (14.2% in hickory to 71.4% in ash), increased anti-shrinkage efficiency (23.5% in red maple to 65.6% in ash), and reduced anisotropy coefficient (4.7% in red oak to 31.9% in black cherry).
Journal Article
Producing structural grade hardwood lumber as a raw material for cross-laminated timber: Yield and economic analysis
The economic feasibility of producing structural-grade hardwood lumber (SGHL) that qualifies as a raw material for structurally rated cross-laminated timber (CLT) was examined. 126 yellow poplar logs from diameters 12 to 15 inches were selected and divided into test and control samples. A log yield study was then conducted of the yield and revenue generated when producing lumber graded with National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) rules, SGHL rules, and a mix of both rules (NHLA and SGHL-graded lumber). Producing mix-grade lumber added approximately 27% more revenue than producing NHLA-grade lumber on average if sawmills adopt a cant sawing method. Mix-grade lumber production resulted in 32% of the total volume produced as SGHL and the remaining 68% as NHLA lumber. As a result, 2 Common and lower-grade lumber board footage was reduced to only 29% in test samples and remained converted into SGHL compared to more than 85% of 2 Common and lower-grade lumber boards for control samples. 95% of the SGHL produced as mixed-graded lumber with NHLA-grade lumber met the specifications required to produce structural CLT, and the remaining 5% can be utilized to produce non-structural grade CLTs if they meet the minimum requirement of the materials for CLT production.
Journal Article
Adverse Health Outcomes in Women Exposed In Utero to Diethylstilbestrol
This study, involving long-term follow-up of women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and unexposed controls, showed increased risks of adverse reproductive outcomes, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or higher, and breast cancer in women exposed to DES.
Soon after the first synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), was developed in 1938,
1
it was used clinically to prevent complications of pregnancy.
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In the early 1950s, four clinical trials revealed no evidence of efficacy, and DES use declined.
3
–
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In the late 1960s, an unusual cluster of cases of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix in adolescent girls and young women was observed at one hospital.
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The clinicians involved, working with the mothers of these women,
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discovered a strong association between this cancer and in utero exposure to DES.
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Subsequent clinical studies of women exposed to DES in utero showed . . .
Journal Article
Teaching Islam in Song: Storytelling and Islamic Meaning in Sindhi Sufi Poetry Performance
This article examines techniques with which performers of Sindhi kāfī in Kachchh, Gujarat, interweave Islamic teachings with dramatic events from regional narratives in order to locate musico-poetic affect within a paradigm of Islamic meaning. I analyze three implicit performance logics by which kāfī singers incorporate explication and storytelling into their performances, with each logic engaging in distinct ways with the allusive meanings of Sufi poetic texts. This article thus illuminates how the performative process of linking aspects of Islamic belief, history, and philosophy to sympathy for narrative protagonists and to feelings born of lived experience encourages the rich indexicality that undergirds musical affectivity.
Journal Article
Changes in the Chemical Composition and Decay Resistance of Thermally-Modified Hevea brasiliensis Wood
In this study the effect of thermal treatment on the equilibrium moisture content, chemical composition and biological resistance to decay fungi of juvenile and mature Hevea brasiliensis wood (rubber wood) was evaluated. Samples were taken from a 53-year-old rubber wood plantation located in Tabapuã, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The samples were thermally-modified at 180°C, 200°C and 220°C. Results indicate that the thermal modification caused: (1) a significant increase in the extractive content and proportional increase in the lignin content at 220°C; (2) a significant decrease in the equilibrium moisture content, holocelluloses, arabinose, galactose and xylose content, but no change in glucose content; and (3) a significant increase in wood decay resistance against both Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill decay fungi. The greatest decay resistance was achieved from treatment at 220°C which resulted in a change in wood decay resistance class from moderately resistant to resistant. Finally, this study also demonstrated that the influence of thermal treatment in mature wood was lower than in juvenile wood.
Journal Article
Adhesive bonding performance of thermally modified yellow poplar
Thermal modification of wood changes its chemical, physical, and structural properties, which may affect adhesive bondline quality and bonding performance. This research compared the effect of thermal modification on the adhesive bonding performance of poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) wood. Samples were prepared from thermally modified and unmodified yellow poplar using one-component polyurethane (PUR) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA), as they are adhesives used in wood products. Microscopic properties of the bondlines were investigated to understand shear performance and durability. Adhesive line thickness, penetration, shear strength, and moisture durability were measured, and failure modes were recorded. Thermal modification negatively affected the wood and adhesive interaction by reducing penetration (31.2% in PUR and 29% in PVA), therefore creating a thicker adhesive line (70% in PUR and 2% in PVA) and consequently causing a significant reduction in the shear strength of both adhesive types (27% in PUR and 36% in PVA) compared with non-modified specimens. The PUR adhesive had higher shear strength than PVA by 2.7% in non-modified and 14% in thermally modified wood.
Journal Article
War and Society
Originally published in 1977, this volume filled a gap in existing scholarship by providing a comprehensive group of essays on the historical study of war and armed forces and their relationship with society. These volumes include articles ranging from the Renaissance to the era of total war.
eBook
Forest Certification Perspectives in the Wood Products Supply Chain in Virginia, U.S.A
Participation among private forest owners, logging contractors, and wood products manufacturers in the forest certification sector remains low. Those that enroll are mainly large-acreage owners and specialized manufacturers. Little is known about certification perspectives across the supply chain and how they relate. Comparing what owners, contractors, and manufacturers think about certification would increase insight regarding sector growth. In this study, 2741 private forest owners, logging contractors, and wood products manufacturers in Virginia, U.S.A. were surveyed about their beliefs regarding the impact of certification on economic opportunities and image and the extent to which they think it positively affects the forestry sector and understand how to certify forestland. Co-orientation was used to map alignment and predictions between respondents. Owner and contractor responses were similar and predictions about each other mostly accurate, but manufacturer responses and predictions were largely incongruent. Manufacturers generally aligned more so with contractors than owners but contractors identified slightly more with owners. Owners and contractors shared perspectives and a discernable identity, whereas manufacturers viewed certification in a less positive light. Implications for participation in forest certification focus largely on interrelationships of actor perspectives regardless of scale and emphasize the roles each can play in the forest certification sector.
Journal Article
War and Society Volume 2
Originally published in 1977, this volume filled a gap in existing scholarship by providing a comprehensive group of essays on the historical study of war and armed forces and their relationship with society. These volumes include articles ranging from the Renaissance to the era of total war.
... ‘demonstrate convincingly the status War and Society now hold in the world of education’ Times Educational Supplement
‘...books for the serious student of military history.’ Military Review
1. The American Navy in the World of Franklin and Jefferson 1755-1826 John B. Hattendorf 2. Colonial Africa and Its Armies V. G. Kiernan 3. War and Social Change: The Black American in Two World Wars Neil A. Wynn 4. The Failure to Resolve the Problem of Venereal Disease Among the Troops in Britain During World War I Suzann Buckley 5. Staff Training and the Royal Navy, 1918-1939 Anthony R. Wells 6. German Air Power and the Munich Crisis Williamson Murray 7. The Introduction of War Office Selection Boards in the British Army: A Personal Recollection F. H. Vinden 8. Liddell Hart and his Papers Stephen Brooks Review Articles: 1 The Army and its Critics in Seventeenth Century England Ian Roy 2. Armed Forces and the State: The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze Peter Paret 3. Aspects of War in the Nineteenth Centuries Brian Bond 4. Clausewitz and the Americans: Bernard Brodie and Others on War and Policy Reginald C. Stuart
eBook