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"Brown, Gregory S. (Gregory Stephen)"
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Leadership Skill Requirements across Organizational Levels of K-12 Public Education in New York State: A Replication and Generalization of the Leadership Skills STRATAPLEX
With a history that began with the dawn of civilization, leadership has been one of the most elusive and longest studied phenomena. Despite its long history, disagreement in the field persists over how best to define, measure, and develop it. Effective leadership has always been sought after and extremely valuable. Harvard’s Center for Public Leadership reports that the United States of America is experiencing a crisis in leadership, with this crisis felt most strongly in the realm of public leadership (Rosenthal, 2012). Educational leaders are not only public leaders but also are responsible for maintaining high standards and providing strong outcomes for our nation’s children. Waves of reform movements and ever-increasing levels of cynicism often complicate their vital work. Identifying and understanding how to develop the leadership skills required by educational leaders has never been more important. This study’s purpose was to understand more completely the leadership skills required by leaders of New York’s K-12 public schools. Through the application of the Leadership Skills STRATAPLEX model, this researcher sought to determine the degree to which this skills-based framework could be generalized to New York’s public school leaders across multiple organizational levels. This research question was addressed by conducting a theoretical replication and extension of Mumford, Campion, & Morgeson’s 2007 study. This study made use of a quantitative research design and survey data collected from 1027 educational leaders in New York State. This study’s major findings suggests that the Leadership Skills STRATAPLEX model failed to fully generalize to this new population and setting. However, the results also led this researcher to suggest a more sophisticated reconceptualization of the STRATAPLEX model that proposes a new moderating construct, the leader’s “sphere of direct influence relative to the whole organization”. This researcher’s findings and the reconceptualized Leadership Skills STRATAPLEX model have the potential to influence the ways institutions train and develop leaders while advancing the field of leadership skills-based theory.
Dissertation
After the Fall: The Chute of a Play, Droits d'Auteur, and Literary Property in the Old Regime
This article addresses the advent of literary property in the Parisian commercial theater between 1680 and 1780, a process that occurred at the intersection of developments in royal regulation, court culture, commercial demands, and the status of writers. It brings together these issues in a study of a practice known as \"the fall [la chute],\" by which the royal theater determined ownership of plays on its repertory. It explains first how the fall, in theory, reconciled the theater's multiple mandates--serving the king and the Parisian public, sustaining itself economically from commercial revenues, and providing a venue for France's leading men of letters--to develop a distinctly French literary tradition. Then, through discussion of multiple instances of disputes over ownership of plays which had \"fallen\" and by considering the arguments advanced in the name of two prominent eighteenth-century authors, Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy and Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, it explores the specific meaning of droits d'auteur and \"literary property [propriete litteraire]\" sought by playwrights for their fallen plays. Arguing that existing scholarship on literary property has looked only to the Book Trade and thus overemphasized the importance of Lockean ideas of property, Kantian ideas of genius, and Smithian ideas of the market, it argues instead for an understanding of Old Regime literary property as analogous to seigneurial property. In so doing, the article leads us to reconsider the relationship among Enlightenment ideas, the status of men of letters, and the commercialization of public life on the eve of the Revolution.
Journal Article
Impact of electrolyte abnormalities and adverse outcomes in persons with eating disorders: A systematic review protocol
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate) are required in specific amounts for proper functioning of the human body. Although the body has different organ systems, such as the kidneys, that regulate electrolyte levels in the blood, electrolyte abnormalities occur frequently in people with eating disorders. The objective of this review will be to examine the association between electrolyte imbalances and adverse outcomes in people with eating disorders.
A systematic review of studies on eating and electrolyte disorders shall be conducted. Electronic searches shall be done in the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases. Selected studies shall include randomized control trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials, and cross-sectional studies published in English or French. Quality appraisal of studies and a narrative synthesis of extracted data shall be conducted.
This review will synthesize existing evidence on electrolyte abnormalities in people with eating disorders. It will identify the type of electrolyte imbalances, their impact, and outcomes in people with eating disorders. We anticipate that information that will be useful to policy makers and clinicians in designing better policies to prevent eating disorders and or manage people with eating disorders shall be elucidated in this study.
The final manuscript will be submitted for publication in a journal.
This protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); registration number CRD42023477497.
Journal Article
B lymphocyte-derived acetylcholine limits steady-state and emergency hematopoiesis
Autonomic nerves control organ function through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which have opposite effects. In the bone marrow, sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves promote hematopoiesis; however, how parasympathetic (cholinergic) signals modulate hematopoiesis is unclear. Here, we show that B lymphocytes are an important source of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, which reduced hematopoiesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified nine clusters of cells that expressed the cholinergic α7 nicotinic receptor (Chrna7) in the bone marrow stem cell niche, including endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Deletion of B cell-derived acetylcholine resulted in the differential expression of various genes, including Cxcl12 in leptin receptor+ (LepR+) stromal cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of acetylcholine esterase decreased the systemic supply of inflammatory myeloid cells in mice and humans with cardiovascular disease.Nahrendorf and colleagues show that B cells in the bone marrow are an important source of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which limits hematopoiesis through modulating the signals produced by the bone marrow stromal niche during steady-state and emergency hematopoiesis.
Journal Article
Extending the Human Connectome Project across ages: Imaging protocols for the Lifespan Development and Aging projects
The Human Connectome Projects in Development (HCP-D) and Aging (HCP-A) are two large-scale brain imaging studies that will extend the recently completed HCP Young-Adult (HCP-YA) project to nearly the full lifespan, collecting structural, resting-state fMRI, task-fMRI, diffusion, and perfusion MRI in participants from 5 to 100+ years of age. HCP-D is enrolling 1300+ healthy children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 5–21), and HCP-A is enrolling 1200+ healthy adults (ages 36–100+), with each study collecting longitudinal data in a subset of individuals at particular age ranges. The imaging protocols of the HCP-D and HCP-A studies are very similar, differing primarily in the selection of different task-fMRI paradigms. We strove to harmonize the imaging protocol to the greatest extent feasible with the completed HCP-YA (1200+ participants, aged 22–35), but some imaging-related changes were motivated or necessitated by hardware changes, the need to reduce the total amount of scanning per participant, and/or the additional challenges of working with young and elderly populations. Here, we provide an overview of the common HCP-D/A imaging protocol including data and rationales for protocol decisions and changes relative to HCP-YA. The result will be a large, rich, multi-modal, and freely available set of consistently acquired data for use by the scientific community to investigate and define normative developmental and aging related changes in the healthy human brain.
•The Lifespan HCP in Development and Aging aim to characterize brain connectivity changes in human childhood and aging.•Here, we report on the multimodal brain imaging protocol being used for both projects.•We report pilot and ancillary data that informed the selection of hardware and imaging parameters.•The resulting data will be publicly released in unprocessed and minimally processed formats.
Journal Article
Improving Cost-effectiveness and Access to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression: Providing Remote-Ready, Computer-Assisted Psychotherapy in Times of Crisis and Beyond
Introduction: There is growing evidence that computer-delivered or computer-assisted forms of cognitive behavior therapy (CCBT) are helpful, but cost-effectiveness versus standard therapies is not well established. Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a therapist-supported method for CCBT in comparison to standard cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Methods: A total of 154 drug-free major depressive disorder outpatients were randomly assigned to either 16 weeks of standard CBT (up to twenty 50-min sessions) or CCBT using the Good Days Ahead program (including up to 5.5 h of therapist contact). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, weeks 8 and 16, and at 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Economic analyses took into account the costs of services received and work/social role impairment. Results: In the context of almost identical efficacy, a form of CCBT that used only about one third the amount of therapist contact as conventional CBT was highly cost-effective compared to conventional therapy and reduced the adjusted cost of treatment by USD 945 per patient. Conclusions: A method of CCBT that blended internet-delivered modules and abbreviated therapeutic contact reduced the cost of treatment substantially without adversely affecting outcomes. Results suggest that use of this approach can more than double the access to CBT. Because clinician support in CCBT can be provided by telephone, videoconference, and/or email, this highly efficient form of treatment could be a major advance in remote treatment delivery.
Journal Article
Carboplatin in BRCA1/2-mutated and triple-negative breast cancer BRCAness subgroups: the TNT Trial
Germline mutations in
BRCA1/2
predispose individuals to breast cancer (termed germline-mutated
BRCA1/2
breast cancer, gBRCA-BC) by impairing homologous recombination (HR) and causing genomic instability. HR also repairs DNA lesions caused by platinum agents and PARP inhibitors. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) harbor subpopulations with
BRCA1/2
mutations, hypothesized to be especially platinum-sensitive. Cancers in putative ‘BRCAness’ subgroups—tumors with
BRCA1
methylation; low levels of
BRCA1
mRNA (
BRCA1
mRNA-low); or mutational signatures for HR deficiency and those with basal phenotypes—may also be sensitive to platinum. We assessed the efficacy of carboplatin and another mechanistically distinct therapy, docetaxel, in a phase 3 trial in subjects with unselected advanced TNBC. A prespecified protocol enabled biomarker–treatment interaction analyses in gBRCA-BC and BRCAness subgroups. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). In the unselected population (376 subjects; 188 carboplatin, 188 docetaxel), carboplatin was not more active than docetaxel (ORR, 31.4% versus 34.0%, respectively;
P
= 0.66). In contrast, in subjects with gBRCA-BC, carboplatin had double the ORR of docetaxel (68% versus 33%, respectively; biomarker, treatment interaction
P
= 0.01). Such benefit was not observed for subjects with
BRCA1
methylation,
BRCA1
mRNA-low tumors or a high score in a Myriad HRD assay. Significant interaction between treatment and the basal-like subtype was driven by high docetaxel response in the nonbasal subgroup. We conclude that patients with advanced TNBC benefit from characterization of
BRCA1/2
mutations, but not
BRCA1
methylation or Myriad HRD analyses, to inform choices on platinum-based chemotherapy. Additionally, gene expression analysis of basal-like cancers may also influence treatment selection.
The phase 3 TNT Trial in subjects with triple-negative breast cancer supports the superiority of carboplatin over docetaxel in
BRCA1/2
-mutated tumors and a greater response to taxanes in the nonbasal subtype.
Journal Article
Neuropathological Mechanisms of Seizures in Autism Spectrum Disorder
This manuscript reviews biological abnormalities shared by autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and epilepsy. Two neuropathological findings are shared by ASD and epilepsy: abnormalities in minicolumn architecture and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. The peripheral neuropil, which is the region that contains the inhibition circuits of the minicolumns, has been found to be decreased in the post-mortem ASD brain. ASD and epilepsy are associated with inhibitory GABA neurotransmission abnormalities including reduced GABAA and GABAB subunit expression. These abnormalities can elevate the excitation-to-inhibition balance, resulting in hyperexcitablity of the cortex and, in turn, increase the risk of seizures. Medical abnormalities associated with both epilepsy and ASD are discussed. These include specific genetic syndromes, specific metabolic disorders including disorders of energy metabolism and GABA and glutamate neurotransmission, mineral and vitamin deficiencies, heavy metal exposures and immune dysfunction. Many of these medical abnormalities can result in an elevation of the excitatory-to-inhibitory balance. Fragile X is linked to dysfunction of the mGluR5 receptor and Fragile X, Angelman and Rett syndromes are linked to a reduction in GABAA receptor expression. Defects in energy metabolism can reduce GABA interneuron function. Both pyridoxine dependent seizures and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency cause GABA deficiencies while urea cycle defects and phenylketonuria cause abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission. Mineral deficiencies can cause glutamate and GABA neurotransmission abnormalities and heavy metals can cause mitochondrial dysfunction which disrupts GABA metabolism. Thus, both ASD and epilepsy are associated with similar abnormalities that may alter the excitatory-to-inhibitory balance of the cortex. These parallels may explain the high prevalence of epilepsy in ASD and the elevated prevalence of ASD features in individuals with epilepsy.
Journal Article