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Efficacy of Mucoadhesive Hydrogel Microparticles of Whey Protein and Alginate for Oral Insulin Delivery
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of mucoadhesive insulinloadedwhey protein (WP) /alginate (ALG) microparticles (MP)for oral insulin administration.Methods Insulin-loaded microparticles (ins-MP) made of wheyprotein and alginate were prepared by a cold gelation techniqueand an adsorption method, without adjunction of organic solventin order to develop a biocompatible vehicle for oraladministration of insulin. In vitro characterization, evaluations ofins-MP in excised intestinal tissues and hypoglycaemic effectsafter intestinal administration in healthy rats were performedResults The release properties and swelling behaviors, investigatedin different pH buffers, demonstrated a release based ondiffusion mechanism following matrix swelling. Mucoadhesionstudies in rabbits and insulin transport experiments with excisedintestinal rat tissues revealed that encapsulation in microparticleswith mucoadhesive properties promotes insulin absorption acrossduodenal membranes and bioactivity protection. In vivo experimentsreinforced the interest of encapsulation in whey protein/alginate combination. Confocal microscopic observations associatedwith blood glucose levels bring to light duodenal absorptionof insulin biologically active following in vivo administration.Conclusions Insulin-loaded WP/ALG MP with high quantities ofdrug entrapped, in vitromatrix swelling and protective effect as wellas excellent mucohadesive properties was developped. Improvementof intestinal delivery of insulin and increased in bioavailabilitywere recorded.
Journal Article
Evaluation of polyherbal formulation in broilers fed high energy diet: Implications on zootechnical parameters, fat accretion, and serum L-carnitine levels
The current broiler trial was planned to assess the effects of Kolin Plus™, a polyherbal formulation (PHF), on performance, protein and fat accretion, and serum L-carnitine (LC) levels in broilers fed a high-energy diet (HED).
A total of 500 1-day-old Cobb 430 male chicks were assigned to 5 treatment groups consisting of 10 replicates, with 10 birds in each replicate (
= 100). Group G1 was a negative control fed HED, and group G2, a positive control supplemented with synthetic choline chloride (SCC) 1,500 gm/ton in HED. Groups G3, G4, and G5 were supplemented with PHF in HED at 400, 500, and 750 gm/ton feed, respectively (PHF400, PHF500, and PHF750).
The PHF produced a dose-dependent numerical improvement in body weight, feed conversion ratio, livability, and the European Production Index. There were no changes in carcass nitrogen and protein accretion, whereas a statistically significant decrease (
< 0.05) in carcass fat and fat accretion was observed in the SCC and PHF groups. Moreover, PHF showed a significant increase in serum LC levels.
Kolin Plus™ improves performance parameters akin to SCC by improving fat metabolism and mobilization by enhancing serum LC levels and restoring normal fat accretion.
Journal Article
miR390, Arabidopsis TAS3 tasiRNAs, and Their AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR Targets Define an Autoregulatory Network Quantitatively Regulating Lateral Root Growth
Plants adapt to different environmental conditions by constantly forming new organs in response to morphogenetic signals. Lateral roots branch from the main root in response to local auxin maxima. How a local auxin maximum translates into a robust pattern of gene activation ensuring the proper growth of the newly formed lateral root is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that miR390, TAS3-derived trans-acting short-interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs), and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) form an auxin-responsive regulatory network controlling lateral root growth. Spatial expression analysis using reporter gene fusions, tasi/miRNA sensors, and mutant analysis showed that miR390 is specifically expressed at the sites of lateral root initiation where it triggers the biogenesis of tasiRNAs. These tasiRNAs inhibit ARF2, ARF3, and ARF4, thus releasing repression of lateral root growth. In addition, ARF2, ARF3, and ARF4 affect auxin-induced miR390 accumulation. Positive and negative feedback regulation of miR390 by ARF2, ARF3, and ARF4 thus ensures the proper definition of the miR390 expression pattern. This regulatory network maintains ARF expression in a concentration range optimal for specifying the timing of lateral root growth, a function similar to its activity during leaf development. These results also show how small regulatory RNAs integrate with auxin signaling to quantitatively regulate organ growth during development.
Journal Article
The confidence-noise confidence-boost (CNCB) model of confidence rating data
Over the last decade, different approaches have been proposed to interpret confidence rating judgments obtained after perceptual decisions. One very popular approach is to compute meta-d’ which is a global measure of the sensibility to discriminate the confidence rating distributions for correct and incorrect perceptual decisions. Here, we propose a generative model of confidence based on two main parameters, confidence noise and confidence boost, that we call CNCB model . Confidence noise impairs confidence judgements above and beyond how sensory noise affects perceptual sensitivity. The confidence boost parameter reflects whether confidence uses the same information that was used for perceptual decisions, or some new information. This CNCB model offers a principled way to estimate a confidence efficiency measure that is a theory-driven alternative to the popular M-ratio. We then describe two scenarios to estimate the confidence boost parameter, one where the experiment uses more than two confidence levels, the other where the experiment uses more than two stimulus strengths. We also extend the model to experiments using continuous confidence ratings and describe how the model can be fitted without binning these ratings. The continuous confidence model includes a non-linear mapping between objective and subjective confidence probabilities that can be estimated. Altogether, the CNCB model should help interpret confidence rating data at a deeper level. This manuscript is accompanied by a toolbox that will allow researchers to estimate all the parameters of the CNCB model in confidence ratings datasets. Some examples of re-analyses of previous datasets are provided in S1 File.
Journal Article
An increase in food production in Europe could dramatically affect farmland biodiversity
Conversion of semi-natural habitats, such as field margins, fallows, hedgerows, grassland, woodlots and forests, to agricultural land could increase agricultural production and help meet rising global food demand. Yet, the extent to which such habitat loss would impact biodiversity and wild species is unknown. Here we survey species richness for four taxa (vascular plants, earthworms, spiders, wild bees) and agricultural yield across a range of arable, grassland, mixed, horticulture, permanent crop, for organic and non-organic agricultural land on 169 farms across 10 European regions. We find that semi-natural habitats currently constitute 23% of land area with 49% of species unique to these habitats. We estimate that conversion of semi-natural land that achieves a 10% increase in agricultural production will have the greatest impact on biodiversity in arable systems and the least impact in grassland systems, with organic practices having better species retention than non-organic practices. Our findings will help inform sustainable agricultural development.
Journal Article
Nutritional, hormonal, and environmental effects on colostrum in sows
It is widely recognized that an early and high intake of colostrum is a major determinant of piglet survival during the early suckling period. The production of colostrum, however, is very variable among sows and the factors affecting this variability are not well known. Factors such as number of parity and genotype do seem to influence colostrum yield and composition. The endocrine status of the sow also affects the process of colostrogenesis and changes in the sow endocrine status can have an impact on quantity and quality of colostrum produced. Indeed, induction of parturition seems to play a role. Nutrition is undoubtedly a major factor that could be used as a tool to alter colostrum composition, with fat content being the most affected. Feed ingredients, such as yeast extracts and fermented liquid feed, were recently shown to alter colostrum composition, yet more research is needed to substantiate these effects. Very few data are available on the influence of environment on colostrum production; results suggest that heat stress has negative effects on colostrum composition. Considering the importance of colostrum for the survival, growth, and immune resistance of piglets, it is obvious that research on the development of new management systems is necessary to improve yield and composition of colostrum.
Journal Article
Soybean (Glycine max) Haplotype Map (GmHapMap): a universal resource for soybean translational and functional genomics
Summary Here, we describe a worldwide haplotype map for soybean (GmHapMap) constructed using whole‐genome sequence data for 1007 Glycine max accessions and yielding 14.9 million variants as well as 4.3 M tag single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). When sampling random subsets of these accessions, the number of variants and tag SNPs plateaued beyond approximately 800 and 600 accessions, respectively. This suggests extensive coverage of diversity within the cultivated soybean. GmHapMap variants were imputed onto 21 618 previously genotyped accessions with up to 96% success for common alleles. A local association analysis was performed with the imputed data using markers located in a 1‐Mb region known to contribute to seed oil content and enabled us to identify a candidate causal SNP residing in the NPC1 gene. We determined gene‐centric haplotypes (407 867 GCHs) for the 55 589 genes and showed that such haplotypes can help to identify alleles that differ in the resulting phenotype. Finally, we predicted 18 031 putative loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations in 10 662 genes and illustrated how such a resource can be used to explore gene function. The GmHapMap provides a unique worldwide resource for applied soybean genomics and breeding.
Journal Article