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"Chang, Chun"
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الأوجه المتعددة للثقافة الصينية
الكتاب يتناول بعض العادات والثقافات الصينية في أربعة عشر بابا وهم كالتالي مكعبات شرقية سحرية، المزيد حول الأحرف الصينية، اللفظات المجانسة، المحرمات والتعابير الملطفة في اللغة الصينية، الأرقام، حيوانات حقيقية وخرافية، رمزية النباتات، الألوان، الطعام، العادات الشعبية في احتفال قوارب التنين، اليوم الثامن من الشهر القمري الثاني عشر وطبق العصيدة لذلك اليوم، الأسماء والشهرات، الكلمات الدخيلة في الصينية والتبادلات الثقافية، التواصل بين الثقافات، وفي هذا الكتاب سوف نجد الأجوبة على أسئلة كثيرة فيما يخص الثقافة الصينية.
Book
Probiotic supplementation attenuates age‐related sarcopenia via the gut–muscle axis in SAMP8 mice
Background Age‐related muscle dysfunctions are common disorders resulting in poor quality of life in the elderly. Probiotic supplementation is a potential strategy for preventing age‐related sarcopenia as evidence suggests that probiotics can enhance muscle function via the gut–muscle axis. However, the effects and mechanisms of probiotics in age‐related sarcopenia are currently unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS), a probiotic previously reported to improve muscle function in young adult mice. Methods We administered LcS (1 × 108 or 1 × 109 CFU/mouse/day) by oral gavage to senescence‐accelerated mouse prone‐8 mice for 12 weeks (16‐ to 28‐week‐old). Sixteen‐week‐old and 28‐week‐old SMAP8 mice were included as non‐aged and aged controls, respectively. Muscle condition was evaluated using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry for muscle mass, holding impulse and grip strength tests for muscle strength, and oxygen consumption rate, gene expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial number assays for mitochondria function. Inflammatory cytokines were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was utilized to measure the short‐chain fatty acid levels. The gut microbiota was analysed based on the data of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of mouse stool. Results The LcS supplementation reduced age‐related declines in muscle mass (>94.6%, P < 0.04), strength (>66% in holding impulse and >96.3% in grip strength, P < 0.05), and mitochondrial function (P < 0.05). The concentration of short‐chain fatty acids (acetic, isobutyric, butyric, penic, and hexanoic acid) was recovered by LcS (>65.9% in the mice given high dose of LcS, P < 0.05) in the aged mice, and LcS attenuated age‐related increases in inflammation (P < 0.05) and reactive oxygen species (>89.4%, P < 0.001). The high dose of LcS supplementation was also associated with distinct microbiota composition as indicated by the separation of groups in the beta‐diversity analysis (P = 0.027). LcS supplementation altered predicted bacterial functions based on the gut microbiota. Apoptosis (P = 0.026), p53 signalling (P = 0.017), and non‐homologous end‐joining (P = 0.031) were significantly reduced, whereas DNA repair and recombination proteins (P = 0.043), RNA polymerase (P = 0.008), and aminoacyl‐tRNA biosynthesis (P = 0.003) were increased. Finally, the genera enriched by high‐dose LcS [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score > 2.0] were positively correlated with healthy muscle and physiological condition (P < 0.05), while the genera enriched in aged control mice (LDA score > 2.0) were negatively associated with healthy muscle and physiological condition (P < 0.05). Conclusions Lactobacillus casei Shirota represents an active modulator that regulates the onset and progression of age‐related muscle impairment potentially via the gut–muscle axis.
Journal Article
قصة نجاح مجموعة تينسنت للبرمجيات : إمبراطورية تينسنت ما هوا تينغ
يتناول الكتاب الحديث عن (ما هو تينغ) الرجل الذي يحب الجميع أن يكرهه وأحد عمالقة صناعة الإنترنت الستة في الصين، عشر سنوات هي المدة التي احتاجها (ما هو تينغ) ليجعل من مؤسسة تينسنت نموذجا لصناعة الإنترنت في الصين بل والعالم، (تينسنت) قصة مؤسسة بدأت على يد مطور برامج رسائل لتصبح صاحبة أعلى قيمة سوقية لشركات الإنترنت في الصين، (كيو كيو) برنامج المحادثة الذي كان سببا في نجاح (ما هو تينغ) في حياته العملية وكان أيضا سببا في عثوره على شريكة حياته، فقد كان نجاح (ما هو تينغ) مبنيا على تقليد الآخرين، فكان التلميذ الذي تفوق على أساتذته، لقد بدأ من حيث انتهى الآخرون ليصنع أشهر برنامج محادثة في الصين والذي تجاوزت شهرته البرنامج الأصلي ICQ، إنها قصة كفاح وصعود رجل حلم وكافح من أجل تحقيق حلمه، رجل يسميه الصينيون بيل جيتس الصين، رجل بدءا من لا شيء وأصبح يملك كل شيء.
Book
Twisted oxide lateral homostructures with conjunction tunability
Epitaxial growth is of significant importance over the past decades, given it has been the key process of modern technology for delivering high-quality thin films. For conventional heteroepitaxy, the selection of proper single crystal substrates not only facilitates the integration of different materials but also fulfills interface and strain engineering upon a wide spectrum of functionalities. Nevertheless, the lattice structure, regularity and crystalline orientation are determined once a specific substrate is chosen. Here, we reveal the growth of twisted oxide lateral homostructure with controllable in-plane conjunctions. The twisted lateral homostructures with atomically sharp interfaces can be composed of epitaxial “blocks” with different crystalline orientations, ferroic orders and phases. We further demonstrate that this approach is universal for fabricating various complex systems, in which the unconventional physical properties can be artificially manipulated. Our results establish an efficient pathway towards twisted lateral homostructures, adding additional degrees of freedom to design epitaxial films.
It is challenging to construct lateral homostructures with controllable geometry and repeated alternating configurations. Here the authors develop a generic approach for fabricating twisted lateral homostructures with tunable crystal orientation, epitaxial constrain, and phase stability.
Journal Article
إمبراطورية تينسنت ما هو تينغ : قصة نجاح مجموعة تينسنت للبرمجيات (وي تشات-كيو كيو)
يتناول الكتاب الحديث عن (ما هو تينغ) الرجل الذي يحب الجميع أن يكرهه وأحد عمالقة صناعة الإنترنت الستة في الصين، عشر سنوات هي المدة التي احتاجها (ما هو تينغ) ليجعل من مؤسسة تينسنت نموذجا لصناعة الإنترنت في الصين بل والعالم، (تينسنت) قصة مؤسسة بدأت على يد مطور برامج رسائل لتصبح صاحبة أعلى قيمة سوقية لشركات الإنترنت فى الصين، (كيو كيو) برنامج المحادثة الذي كان سببا في نجاح (ما هو تينغ) في حياته العملية وكان أيضا سببا في عثوره على شريكة حياته، فقد كان نجاح (ما هو تينغ) مبنيا على تقليد الآخرين، فكان التلميذ الذي تفوق على أساتذته، لقد بدأ من حيث انتهى الآخرون ليصنع أشهر برنامج محادثة في الصين والذي تجاوزت شهرته البرنامج الأصلي ICQ، إنها قصة كفاح وصعود رجل حلم وكافح من أجل تحقيق حلمه، رجل يسميه الصينيون بيل جيتس الصين، رجل بدءا من لا شيء وأصبح يملك كل شيء.
BOOK
A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now become a pandemic, but there is currently very little understanding of the antigenicity of the virus. We therefore determined the crystal structure of CR3022, a neutralizing antibody previously isolated from a convalescent SARS patient, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein at 3.1-angstrom resolution. CR3022 targets a highly conserved epitope, distal from the receptor binding site, that enables cross-reactive binding between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Structural modeling further demonstrates that the binding epitope can only be accessed by CR3022 when at least two RBDs on the trimeric S protein are in the “up” conformation and slightly rotated. These results provide molecular insights into antibody recognition of SARS-CoV-2.
Journal Article
Synergy of Pd atoms and oxygen vacancies on In2O3 for methane conversion under visible light
Methane (CH
4
) oxidation to high value chemicals under mild conditions through photocatalysis is a sustainable and appealing pathway, nevertheless confronting the critical issues regarding both conversion and selectivity. Herein, under visible irradiation (420 nm), the synergy of palladium (Pd) atom cocatalyst and oxygen vacancies (OVs) on In
2
O
3
nanorods enables superior photocatalytic CH
4
activation by O
2
. The optimized catalyst reaches ca. 100 μmol h
−1
of C1 oxygenates, with a selectivity of primary products (CH
3
OH and CH
3
OOH) up to 82.5%. Mechanism investigation elucidates that such superior photocatalysis is induced by the dedicated function of Pd single atoms and oxygen vacancies on boosting hole and electron transfer, respectively. O
2
is proven to be the only oxygen source for CH
3
OH production, while H
2
O acts as the promoter for efficient CH
4
activation through ·OH production and facilitates product desorption as indicated by DFT modeling. This work thus provides new understandings on simultaneous regulation of both activity and selectivity by the synergy of single atom cocatalysts and oxygen vacancies.
CH4 oxidation to high value chemicals under mild conditions through photocatalysis confronts critical issues regarding both conversion and selectivity. Here, atomic Pd and oxygen vacancies were integrated on In2O3 nanorods, leading to visible-driven CH4 conversion with a remarkable yield of oxygenates and high selectivity of primary products.
Journal Article
Empirical dynamic modeling for beginners
Natural systems are often complex and dynamic (i.e. nonlinear), making them difficult to understand using linear statistical approaches. Linear approaches are fundamentally based on correlation. Thus, they are ill-posed for dynamical systems, where correlation can occur without causation, and causation may also occur in the absence of correlation. “Mirage correlation” (i.e., the sign and magnitude of the correlation change with time) is a hallmark of nonlinear systems that results from state dependency. State dependency means that the relationships among interacting variables change with different states of the system. In recent decades, nonlinear methods that acknowledge state dependence have been developed. These nonlinear statistical methods are rooted in state space reconstruction, i.e. lagged coordinate embedding of time series data. These methods do not assume any set of equations governing the system but recover the dynamics from time series data, thus called empirical dynamic modeling (EDM). EDM bears a variety of utilities to investigating dynamical systems. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for EDM applications with rEDM, a free software package written in the R language. Using model examples, we aim to guide users through several basic applications of EDM, including (1) determining the complexity (dimensionality) of a system, (2) distinguishing nonlinear dynamical systems from linear stochastic systems, and quantifying the nonlinearity (i.e. state dependence), (3) determining causal variables, (4) forecasting, (5) tracking the strength and sign of interaction, and (6) exploring the scenario of external perturbation. These methods and applications can be used to provide a mechanistic understanding of dynamical systems.
Journal Article
Operando time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals the chemical nature enabling highly selective CO2 reduction
Copper electrocatalysts have been shown to selectively reduce carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, the absence of a systematic study based on time-resolved spectroscopy renders the functional agent—either metallic or oxidative Copper—for the selectivity still undecidable. Herein, we develop an operando seconds-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to uncover the chemical state evolution of working catalysts. An oxide-derived Copper electrocatalyst is employed as a model catalyst to offer scientific insights into the roles metal states serve in carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO
2
RR). Using a potential switching approach, the model catalyst can achieve a steady chemical state of half-Cu(0)-and-half-Cu(I) and selectively produce asymmetric C
2
products - C
2
H
5
OH. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis reveals that a surface composed of Cu-Cu(I) ensembles can have dual carbon monoxide molecules coupled asymmetrically, which potentially enhances the catalyst’s CO
2
RR product selectivity toward C
2
products. Our results offer understandings of the fundamental chemical states and insights to the establishment of selective CO
2
RR.
A systematic time-resolved study can provide key insights on selective carbon dioxide electro-reduction. Here, the authors report operando seconds-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy to uncover the chemical state evolution of working catalysts in a carbon dioxide electroreduction process.
Journal Article
d-glutamate and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that the brain–gut–microbiota axis may significantly contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Moreover, impaired memory and learning involve the dysfunction neurotransmission of glutamate, the agonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current cutting-edge research on the gut microbiota and glutamate alterations associated with dementia. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, and Cochrane Systematic Reviews were reviewed for all studies on glutamate and gut microbiota in dementia published up until Feb 2020. Results: Several pilot studies have reported alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites in AD patients and other forms of dementia. Gut microbiota including Bacteroides vulgatus and Campylobacter jejuni affect glutamate metabolism and decrease the glutamate metabolite 2-keto-glutaramic acid. Meanwhile, gut bacteria with glutamate racemase including Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and Brevibacterium avium can convert l-glutamate to d-glutamate. N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-enhancing agents have been found to potentially improve cognition in AD or Parkinson’s disease patients. These findings suggest that d-glutamate (d-form glutamate) metabolized by the gut bacteria may influence the glutamate NMDAR and cognitive function in dementia patients. Conclusions: Gut microbiota and glutamate are potential novel interventions to be developed for dementia. Exploring comprehensive cognitive functions in animal and human trials with glutamate-related NMDAR enhancers are warranted to examine d-glutamate signaling efficacy in gut microbiota in patients with AD and other neurodegenerative dementias.
Journal Article