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The digital India program encourages Indian citizens to become conversant with e-services which are primarily English language-based services. However, the vast majority of the Indian population is comfortable with vernacular languages like Bengali, Assamese, Hindi, etc. The rural villagers are not able to interact with the Relational Database Management system in their native language. Therefore, create a system that produces SQL queries from natural language queries in Bengali, containing ambiguous words. This paper proposes a Bengali Query Processor named Extended Bengali language Query Processing System (XBLQPS) to handle queries containing ambiguous words posted to a Healthcare Information database in the electronic domain. The Healthcare Information database contains doctor, hospital and department details in the Bengali language. The proposed system provides support for the Bengali-speaking Indian rural population to efficiently fetch required information from the database. The proposed system extracts the Bengali root word by removing the inflectional part and categorizing them to a specific part of speech (POS) using modified Bengali WordNet. The proposed system uses manually annotated parts of speech detection of a word based on Bengali WordNet. Patterns of noun phrases are generated to detect the correct noun phrase as well as entity and attribute(s). Entity and attributes are used to prepare the semantic table which is utilized to create the Structured Query Language (SQL). The simplified LESK method is utilized to resolve ambiguous Bengali phrases in this query processing system. The accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of the system is measured as 70%, 74%, 73%, and 73% respectively.

This thesis investigates the use of averaging techniques in the development of clock distribution networks and an on-chip clock skew measurement circuit. Our flexible clock distribution network can be used in both single clock and multiple clock integrated circuit applications. The design moves away from clock trees, using a pair of reference clocks traveling in opposite directions to perform clock synchronization on a daisy-chained (serial) clock distribution line. By synchronizing each local clock edge to a position directly in between the forward and reverse reference clock edges, we demonstrate that sub-10 ps variance in clock arrival times can be achieved between local clocks. The design provides a scalable and simple-to-layout solution with multi-point skew compensation useful for large designs. The system provides the benefits of a closed-loop clock de-skewing solution by compensating for process, temperature and power supply variations, with the power savings of an open-loop solution at run-time. Our technique allows routing switches to be included in the clock path, permitting the post-silicon re-sizing and re-shaping of clock domains. Localized clock switches or a complete chip-wide switch mesh can be used to re-route clock signals—a capability that is impossible without our daisy-chained clock network. We investigate a clock network that emphasizes flexibility and reconfigurability without sacrificing tolerance to clock skew. We show that this approach is realizable with transistor-level schematic and extracted circuit structures in TSMC's 180 nm standard process. We also develop a modeling infrastructure from which we can create a variety of clock network configurations and synthesizable clock network controllers for arbitrary applications using ModelSim and Quartus II. An on-chip clock skew management system to detect and potentially correct clock skew between selected points on an IC is also investigated. Our system, BICSS, aids in the debugging of timing errors that may be discovered during testing due to the added visibility of the on-chip clock signals and can repair otherwise defective dies using high-resolution delay lines in the clock path. BICSS is unique in its ability to detect, measure and compensate for clock skew using a single all-in-one solution.

With an ever-decreasing minimum feature size, integrated circuits have more transistors, run faster and are larger than ever before. As a result, problems such as heat dissipation, clock generation and clock distribution are at the forefront of challenges facing chip designers today. A Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous (GALS) system combined with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling is an architecture that can combat many of these issues while allowing for high performance operation. In this thesis, we investigate three distinct circuit designs compatible with, but not limited to, such a system. The first uses a novel bi-directional asynchronous FIFO to communicate between independently-clocked synchronous blocks. The second is an All-Digital Dynamic Clock Generator designed to glitchlessly switch between frequencies with very low latency. The third is a Digitally-Controlled Oscillator that can either be used stand-alone or as part of an all-digital PLL (ADPLL) to generate the global fixed frequency clocks required by the All-Digital Dynamic Clock Generator. These designs have been designed, simulated and shown to perform all the tasks required to implement a Globally Asynchronous, Locally Dynamic System (GALDS) in either a traditional ASIC design or a newer System-on-Chip (SoC).

The graded n -channel underlap fin-shaped field-effect transistor (FinFET) provides ample scope for future investigation. This device and the effects of the underlap, gate length, and doping concentration of the short channel are analyzed herein using two-dimensional (2-D) modeling. The proposed structure includes four regions, in each of which a potential function is developed by applying boundary conditions on Poisson’s equation. The parabolic potential profiles in the graded channel region and the underlap regions are found to depend on the bias at the gate/drain terminals, the doping profile, the channel length, and the underlap length, ensuring the reliability of the device for low-power circuit applications. The results of this analysis are validated against numerical solutions obtained using a 2-D device simulator, revealing an exact match.

In this study, we have specifically blocked a key step of sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis in Candida glabrata by disruption of the orthologs of ScIpt1 and ScSkn1. Based on their close homology with S. cerevisiae counterparts, the proteins are predicted to catalyze the addition of a phosphorylinositol group onto mannosyl inositolphosphoryl ceramide (MIPC) to form mannosyl diinositolphosphoryl ceramide (M(IP)2C), which accounts for the majority of complex SL structures in S. cerevisiae membranes. High throughput lipidome analysis confirmed the accumulation of MIPC structures in ΔCgipt1 and ΔCgskn1 cells, albeit to lesser extent in the latter. Noticeably, ΔCgipt1 cells showed an increased susceptibility to azoles; however, ΔCgskn1 cells showed no significant changes in the drug susceptibility profiles. Interestingly, the azole susceptible phenotype of ΔCgipt1 cells seems to be independent of the ergosterol content. ΔCgipt1 cells displayed altered lipid homeostasis, increased membrane fluidity as well as high diffusion of radiolabeled fluconazole (3H-FLC), which could together influence the azole susceptibility of C. glabrata. Furthermore, in vivo experiments also confirmed compromised virulence of the ΔCgipt1 strain. Contrarily, specific functions of CgSkn1 remain unclear.

The rapid increase both in daily cases and daily deaths made the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India more lethal than the first wave. Record number of infections and casualties were reported all over India during this period. Delhi and Maharashtra are the two most affected places in India during the second wave. So in response to this, the Indian government implemented strict intervention policies (“lockdowns”, “social distancing” and “vaccination drive”) in every state during this period to prohibit the spread of this virus. The objective of this article is to conduct an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to study the impact of the interventions on the daily cases and deaths.We collect daily data for Delhi and Maharashtra before and after the intervention points with a 14-day (incubation period of COVID-19) observation window. A segmented linear regression analysis is done to study the post-intervention slopes as well as whether there were any immediate changes after the interventions or not. We also add the counterfactuals and delayed time effects in the analysis to investigate the significance of our ITS design.Here, we observe the post-intervention trends to be statistically significant and negative for both the daily cases and the daily deaths. We also find that there is no immediate change in trend after the start of intervention, and hence we study some delayed time effects which display how changes in the trends happened over time. And from the Counterfactuals in our study, we can have an idea what would have happened to the COVID scenario had the interventions not been implemented.We statistically try to figure out different circumstances of COVID scenario for both Delhi and Maharashtra by exploring all possible ingredients of ITS design in our analysis in order to present a feasible design to show the importance of implementation of proper intervention policies for tackling this type of pandemic which can have various highly contagious variants.

Independent component analysis (ICA) is closely related to principal component analysis (PCA). Whereas ICA finds a set of source variables that are mutually independent, PCA finds a set of variables that are mutually uncorrelated. Here we consider an objective classification of different regions in central Iowa, USA, in order to study the pollution level. The study was part of the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002. Components responsible for significant variation have been obtained through both PCA and ICA, and the classification has been done by [Formula: see text]-Means clustering. Result shows that the nature of clustering is significantly improved by the ICA.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare disease characterized by hyperpigmentation, nail dystrophy and mucous membrane abnormality. Commonly occurring in males, the patients die young usually due to bone marrow suppression. Malignancies of various descriptions have been reported in this disease, the commonest being solid tumors of head/neck (squamous cell carcinoma). We report the case of a female patient with DC, who presented to us with severe wasting and primary amenorrhea and died of carcinoma stomach in our hospital 3 weeks later.

Mukherjee and Chattopadhyay cite that the steel industry has a historic opportunity to change the economics of steel-making by adopting digital transformation across the life-cycle of its operations leading to significantly elevated sustained EBITDA, EBITDA/ton and return on capital employed. Worldwide, the bane of excess capacity, commodity price swings, demand stagnation and operational flexibility and efficiency have led to depressed EBITDAs and global steel companies have rarely exceeded profitability levels above 10% on average in the last 10 years. Similarly, the EBITDA/ton of profitable integrated steel companies worldwide have ranged from $50-80/ton, well below a sustainable level of $100-120/ton. In developing countries like India, barring a few integrated steel companies, the EBITDA levels after discounting for the elevated cost of debt have struggled to breach the sustainable level of about 16%. With worldwide excess capacity expected to recede slowly, flexible design, operational flexibility and operational efficiency, enabled through digital technologies hold the key to economic transformation and sustained competitive advantage for steel firms. Our research shows that applying specific integrative digital techniques can improve EBITDA margins by 5-7% points and EBITDA/ton by $25-60/ton over baseline performing levels.

No pure entangled state can be distilled from a \\(2\\otimes 2\\) or \\(2\\otimes 3\\) mixed state by separable operations. In \\(3\\otimes 3\\), pure entanglement can be distilled by separable operation but not by LOCC. In this letter, we proved the conjecture [PRL. 103, 110502 (2009)] that it is possible to distill pure entanglement for \\(2\\otimes 4\\) system by LOCC and further improve these in higher dimensions to distill a pure entangled state of Schmidt rank \\(d\\) from a \\(m\\otimes n\\) mixed state by separable operation when \\(m+n \\geqslant 3d\\). We found results for tripartite systems with target state \\(d\\)-level GHZ-type state. These results provide a class of systems where separable operation is strictly stronger than LOCC.