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"Chaudhary, Latika"
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HIGHER EDUCATION AND PROSPERITY: FROM CATHOLIC MISSIONARIES TO LUMINOSITY IN INDIA
This article estimates the impact of completed higher education on economic prosperity across Indian districts. To address the endogeneity of higher education, we use the location of Catholic missionaries circa 1911 as an instrument. Catholics constitute a very small share of the population in India and their influence beyond higher education has been limited. Our instrumental variable results find a positive effect of higher education on development, as measured by light density. The results are robust to alternative measures of development, and are not driven by lower levels of schooling or other channels by which missionaries could impact current income.
Journal Article
Photocatalytic decolorization of methyl violet dye using Rhamnolipid biosurfactant modified iron oxide nanoparticles for wastewater treatment
Wastewater discharged by some industries under uncontrolled and unsuitable conditions is leading to significant environmental concern. Dyes are one of the major constituents in wastewater. Industrial dyes are stable, toxic and also considered potentially carcinogenic. Their release into the environment can lead to serious environmental and health problems. Hence, it is important to treat dye wastewater before it gets discharged in outer environment. In this study, Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The iron oxide nanoparticles were then surface functionalized by the Glycolipid biosurfactant, Rhamnolipid (RL) which was produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. The surface functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles by biologically obtained Rhamnolipid reduces toxicity and at the same time makes the material biodegradable and highly selective due to presence of some reactive functional groups on the surface. IONPs and Rhamnolipid functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (RL@IONPs) were characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Photo catalytic activity of IONPs and RL@IONPs was studied for methyl violet dye. In addition to this, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was used as an efficient adsorbent and the dye removal efficiency with SDS as a binding agent was found to be 92.72%. The high adsorption and dye removal efficiency of RL@IONPs establishes its potential in detoxifying wastewater streams from hazardous dyes.
Journal Article
Engines of Growth: The Productivity Advance of Indian Railways, 1874–1912
Railways were integral to the development of the Indian economy before World War I. This article presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) for railways from 1874 to 1912, which highlight the strong performance of this key industrial sector. Railway-industry TFP growth was substantial averaging 2.3 percent per year and generating a 2.7 percent social savings for the Indian economy. A combination of factors contributed to TFP growth including greater capacity utilization, technological change, and improvements in organization and governance. Railways had higher TFP growth than most sectors in India and compared favorably with TFP growth in other countries.
Journal Article
Railways, Development, and Literacy in India
We study the effect of railroads, the single largest public investment in colonial India, on human capital. Using district-level data on literacy and two different identification strategies, we find railroads had positive effects on literacy, in particular on male and English literacy. We show that railroads increased literacy by raising secondary and elite primary schooling, rather than vernacular primary schooling. Our mediation analysis suggests that non-agricultural income, urbanization, and opportunities for skilled employment are important mechanisms, while agricultural income is not.
Journal Article
Essays on Education and Social Divisions in Colonial India
Overall, the empirical results stress the tradeoffs of decentralized provision of public goods such as primary schools in the presence of numerous and unequal groups, where elites disregard the positive externalities of providing primary schools for a large share of the population.
Journal Article
Does history matter? Colonial education investments in India
Can good policy overcome or alter the effects of history? This question is addressed in this article using unique district-level data for 148 districts of former British India. Controlling for observable differences in geography and income, the ordinary least squares estimates suggest a large and positive effect of colonial expenditures on rural primary education in 1911 on rural literacy up to 1991. However, instrumental variable estimates that control for the endogeneity of colonial investments suggest that the effects of historical spending are significant only up to 1971. Two policy changes can account for these findings: an increase in spending following the 1968 National Education Policy and a greater emphasis on the universal provision of public goods such as schools in the 1970s. Unlike recent studies documenting the persistent effects of historical investments on contemporary outcomes, this study emphasizes how effective policies can overturn the effects of history.
Journal Article
Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India
Using a new historical data set on the availability of schools, I analyze why there was so little primary education in British India, where as late as 1911 there were fewer than three primary schools for every ten villages. The findings show that greater caste and religious diversity contributed to both low and misguided private spending. Indeed more diverse districts had fewer privately managed primary schools and a smaller ratio of primary to secondary schools. Given primary schools were correlated with subsequent literacy, local factors that disrupted primary school provision had important consequences for India's limited achievement in basic education.
Journal Article
Extractive institutions? Investor returns to Indian railway companies in the age of high imperialism
Did colonial policies in India deliver excessive returns to British investors? We answer this question using annual data on Indian securities trading on the London Stock Exchange. We present new series on market capitalization, capital gains, dividend yields, and total returns of railway securities from 1880 to 1929. The average annual total return on the largest and most important Indian railway securities was 3.7%. These returns were not excessive by any financial standard. Indeed, they were lower than the return on railway securities in North America, Latin America, and Asia. We also undertake an event study analysis to assess whether Indian railways significantly benefited British investors. When the Government of India purchased large positions in the private railway companies between 1880 and 1910, there were opportunities for profit making. However, we find no evidence of abnormal investor returns in the years leading to the purchase of railway companies. Broadly our findings call into question the extractive nature of colonial railway policy.
Journal Article
Does history matter? Colonial education investments in I ndia
Can good policy overcome or alter the effects of history? This question is addressed in this article using unique district‐level data for 148 districts of former B ritish I ndia. Controlling for observable differences in geography and income, the ordinary least squares estimates suggest a large and positive effect of colonial expenditures on rural primary education in 1911 on rural literacy up to 1991. However, instrumental variable estimates that control for the endogeneity of colonial investments suggest that the effects of historical spending are significant only up to 1971. Two policy changes can account for these findings: an increase in spending following the 1968 National Education Policy and a greater emphasis on the universal provision of public goods such as schools in the 1970s. Unlike recent studies documenting the persistent effects of historical investments on contemporary outcomes, this study emphasizes how effective policies can overturn the effects of history.
Journal Article