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Background The St -genome-sharing taxa are highly complex group of the species with the St nuclear genome and monophyletic origin in maternal lineages within the Triticeae, which contains more than half of polyploid species that distributed in a wide range of ecological habitats. While high level of genetic heterogeneity in plastome DNA due to a reticulate evolutionary event has been considered to link with the richness of the St -genome-sharing taxa, the relationship between the dynamics of diversification and molecular evolution is lack of understanding. Results Here, integrating 106 previously and 12 newly sequenced plastomes representing almost all previously recognized genomic types and genus of the Triticeae, this study applies phylogenetic reconstruction methods in combination with lineage diversification analyses, estimate of sequence evolution, and gene expression to investigate the dynamics of diversification in the tribe. Phylogenomic analysis confirmed previous phylogenetic relationships, with the St / E / V lineages ( Pseudoroegneria / Lophopyrum  +  Thinopyrum / Dasypyrum ) being suffered from a chloroplast capture event prior to polyploidization events. Analyses of diversification rates detected a significant acceleration approximately five million years ago in the St -genome-sharing taxa. Molecular tests of evolution and gene expression further indicated that radiation within the accelerated group has been accompanied by adaptive genetic changes in a few chloroplast-encoded genes directly or indirectly related to photosynthesis. Conclusions Our results support an important role for adaptive evolution in plastomes during accelerated diversification. In combination with plastome data, further investigations using other genomes, such as the nuclear genome, are urgently needed to enhance our understanding of the evolutionary history of the St -genome-sharing taxa, especially to determine whether adaptive changes in the nuclear genome are accelerated as well because plastome represents the maternal inheritation in angiosperms.

Background Elymus breviaristatus and Elymus sinosubmuticus are perennial herbs, not only morphologically similar but also sympatric distribution. The genome composition of E. sinosubmuticus has not been reported, and the relationship between E. sinosubmuticus and E. breviaristatus is still controversial. We performed artificial hybridization, genomic in situ hybridization, and phylogenetic analyses to clarify whether the two taxa were the same species. Results The high frequency bivalent (with an average of 20.62 bivalents per cell) at metaphase I of pollen mother cells of the artificial hybrids of E. breviaristatus ( StYH ) ×  E. sinosubmuticus was observed. It illustrated that E. sinosubmuticus was closely related to E. breviaristatus . Based on genomic in situ hybridization results, we confirmed that E. sinosubmuticus was an allohexaploid, and the genomic constitution was StYH . Phylogenetic analysis results also supported that this species contained St , Y , and H genomes. In their F 1 hybrids, pollen activity was 53.90%, and the seed setting rate was 22.46%. Those indicated that the relationship between E. sinosubmuticus and E. breviaristatus is intersubspecific rather than interspecific, and it is reasonable to treated E. sinosubmuticus as the subspecies of E. breviaristatus . Conclusions In all, the genomic constitutions of E. sinosubmuticus and E. breviaristatus were StYH , and they are species in the genus Campeiostachys. Because E. breviaristatus was treated as Campeistachys breviaristata , Elymus sinosubmuticus should be renamed Campeiostachys breviaristata (Keng) Y. H. Zhou, H. Q. Zhang et C. R. Yang subsp. sinosubmuticus (S. L. Chen) Y. H. Zhou, H. Q. Zhang et L. Tan.

Background Elymus atratus (Nevski) Hand.-Mazz. is perennial hexaploid wheatgrass. It was assigned to the genus Elymus L. sensu stricto based on morphological characters. Its genome constitution has not been disentangled yet. Objective To identify the genome constitution and origin of E. atratus . Methods In this study, genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization, and phylogenetic analysis based on the Acc1, DMC1 and matK sequences were performed. Results Genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization results reveal that E. atratus 2n = 6x = 42 is composed of 14 St genome chromosomes, 14 H genome chromosomes, and 14 Y genome chromosomes including two H - Y type translocation chromosomes, suggesting that the genome formula of E. atratus is StStYYHH . The phylogenetic analysis based on Acc1 and DMC1 sequences not only shows that the Y genome originated in a separate diploid, but also suggests that Pseudoroegneria ( St ), Hordeum ( H ), and a diploid species with Y genome were the potential donors of E. atratus . Data from chloroplast DNA showed that the maternal donor of E. atratus contains the St genome. Conclusion Elymus atratus is an allohexaploid species with StYH genome, which may have originated through the hybridization between an allotetraploid Roegneria ( StY ) species as the maternal donor and a diploid Hordeum ( H ) species as the paternal donor.

Background and aims – Campeiostachys is an allohexaploid perennial genus of the Triticeae tribe (Poaceae). The allopolyploids of Triticeae are produced by interspecific hybridization of different genera. In this study, we investigate the genome origin of Campeiostachys and the relationships of some species based on phylogenetic analyses. Material and methods – Two nuclear ( Acc1 and DMC1 ) and two chloroplast ( matK and rps16 ) DNA regions of the species of Campeiostachys and its related genera were used for phylogenetic analyses. Key results – The Acc1 and DMC1 sequences revealed that the genome composition of all Campeiostachys species in our study is StYH , suggesting that Campeiostachys may have originated by the natural hybridization between species with StY and H genomes, as no species with Y or HY genomes have been found in the wild. The results from the chloroplast regions indicated that the maternal donor of the Campeiostachys species contains the St subgenome. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear sequences showed that C. purpuraristata always groups with the species of the C. dahurica complex in the St , Y , or H clade, distinct from other species in the genus. Also, C. calcicola , C. kamoji , and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are distinct yet closely related species. Conclusion – Campeiostachys species originated from the natural hybridization of the tetraploid species of Roegneria ( StY ) with the diploid species of Hordeum ( H ), with Roegneria ( StY ) acting as the maternal donor. Campeiostachys purpuraristata should be classified into the C. dahurica complex and treated as C. dahurica var. purpuraristata.

Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of gut microbiota in depression and anxiety through a systematic review. Methods Articles were searched in the PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases from their inception to February 12th, 2023. Case-control studies on the characteristics of gut microbiota in depression and anxiety were included. Methodological quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A qualitative synthesis was conducted to assess bacterial diversity (α- and β-diversity) and taxa abundance differences at the phylum, family, and genus levels. Results A total of 24 articles were included in the systematic review, 20 studies were conducted in China. Our results showed that the findings of the α- and β-diversity assessments were inconsistent for both depression and anxiety. In gut microbiota composition, we found that depression and anxiety were characterized by an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria and a depletion of anti-inflammatory SCFAs-producing bacteria. Specifically, Actinobacteria , Proteobacteria , Rikenellaceae , Porphyromonadaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae were more abundant in the depression group, as well as Firmicutes , Prevotellacea and Ruminococcaceae in lower abundance. In the anxiety group, the abundance of Firmicutes , Lachnospira , Faecalibacterium , Sutterella , and Butyricicoccus was lower, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes , Enterobacteriaceae , and Fusobacterium was increased. Conclusions The systematic review found that depression and anxiety might be characterized by an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria and the depletion of anti-inflammatory SCFAs-producing bacteria. However, there were conflicting reports on the abundance of bacteria due to confounders such as diet and psychotropic medications. Further studies are strongly suggested. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Objective The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and its related parameters are biomarkers of insulin resistance (IR) and maybe of great significance for predicting the occurrence of stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the relationship between TyG and its related parameters with the risks of stroke. Methods By searching the Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed databases, we obtained prospective cohort studies that reported the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between the TyG index and its related parameters (TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR) and stroke incidence. The results were combined using a random-effects model. Results This meta-analysis included 21 prospective cohort studies with a total of 6,511,326 participants. The results showed that, compared to the lowest group for TyG or its related parameters, the highest group had an increased risk of stroke (TyG-BMI: HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.22–1.99, I 2  = 84.69%; TyG-WC: HR: 1.63, 95% CI:1.17–2.28, I 2  = 89.51%; TyG-WHtR: HR: 1.79, 95%CI:1.17–2.72, I 2  = 93.91%). Subgroup analyses revealed that the relationship between TyG and its related parameters and stroke was not significantly affected by gender, region, sample size, and follow-up duration. Conclusions Higher levels of TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, and TyG-WHtR may indicate a higher risk of stroke occurrence.

Diabetic striatopathy (DS) is a rare central nervous system complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized mainly by non-ketotic hyperglycemia and lateralized involuntary movements. Patients with diabetic striatopathy manifested solely by subacute cognitive decline were rarely reported. In this paper, we report a patient with DS who presented solely with subacute cognitive decline without involuntary movements, and cranial CT showed bilateral high density in the basal ganglia. In contrast, SWI showed microhemorrhages in the right caudate nucleus head. After one week of treatment, including glycemic control, the patient showed significant improvement in cognitive function, while a repeat cranial CT showed improved hyperdensity in the right basal ganglia region. 1 month later, at telephone follow-up, the patient’s symptoms did not recur.

Elymus atratus (Nevski) Hand.-Mazz. is perennial hexaploid wheatgrass. It was assigned to the genus Elymus L. sensu stricto based on morphological characters. Its genome constitution has not been disentangled yet. To identify the genome constitution and origin of E. atratus. In this study, genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization, and phylogenetic analysis based on the Acc1, DMC1 and matK sequences were performed. Genomic in situ hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization results reveal that E. atratus 2n = 6x = 42 is composed of 14 St genome chromosomes, 14 H genome chromosomes, and 14 Y genome chromosomes including two H-Y type translocation chromosomes, suggesting that the genome formula of E. atratus is StStYYHH. The phylogenetic analysis based on Acc1 and DMC1 sequences not only shows that the Y genome originated in a separate diploid, but also suggests that Pseudoroegneria (St), Hordeum (H), and a diploid species with Y genome were the potential donors of E. atratus. Data from chloroplast DNA showed that the maternal donor of E. atratus contains the St genome. Elymus atratus is an allohexaploid species with StYH genome, which may have originated through the hybridization between an allotetraploid Roegneria (StY) species as the maternal donor and a diploid Hordeum (H) species as the paternal donor.

Background and aims – Campeiostachys is an allohexaploid perennial genus of the Triticeae tribe (Poaceae). The allopolyploids of Triticeae are produced by interspecific hybridization of different genera. In this study, we investigate the genome origin of Campeiostachys and the relationships of some species based on phylogenetic analyses. Material and methods – Two nuclear (Acc1 and DMC1) and two chloroplast (matK and rps16) DNA regions of the species of Campeiostachys and its related genera were used for phylogenetic analyses. Key results – The Acc1 and DMC1 sequences revealed that the genome composition of all Campeiostachys species in our study is StYH, suggesting that Campeiostachys may have originated by the natural hybridization between species with StY and H genomes, as no species with Y or HY genomes have been found in the wild. The results from the chloroplast regions indicated that the maternal donor of the Campeiostachys species contains the St subgenome. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear sequences showed that C. purpuraristata always groups with the species of the C. dahurica complex in the St, Y, or H clade, distinct from other species in the genus. Also, C. calcicola, C. kamoji, and C. tsukushiensis var. transiens are distinct yet closely related species. Conclusion – Campeiostachys species originated from the natural hybridization of the tetraploid species of Roegneria (StY) with the diploid species of Hordeum (H), with Roegneria (StY) acting as the maternal donor. Campeiostachys purpuraristata should be classified into the C. dahurica complex and treated as C. dahurica var. purpuraristata.

Considering the un-deterministic transportation networks, the paper proposes the change of the route choice decisions under the stochastic transportation networks. The route choice behavior is described as a choice for a time shortest route which is subject to a time-reliability level. The paper also considered this new route choice behavior in the stochastic user equilibrium model, and proposed stochastic user equilibrium model based on the optimized reliability travel time route choice behavior in the stochastic networks. The equivalence and uniqueness of the solution of the model are demonstrated. Numerical results of a small network show that the proposed model can reflect the real traveler’s route choice behavior in stochastic transportation networks.