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Large-scale distributed training in production data centers place significant demands on network infrastructure. In particular, significant load balancing challenges arise when processing AI/ML workloads, consisting of low-entropy, bursty and long-lived flows. Existing solutions designed for Ethernet, such as Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) struggle to maintain high network utilization. While major industry players (e.g., Ultra Ethernet Consortium) and parts of academia have proposed packet spraying to enhance AI/ML workload performance, we argue that existing packet spraying solutions lead to buffer inflation over time, negatively affecting network performance. Specifically, when ACK coalescing is used, these solutions lead to stale information, degrading network performance. Additionally, in asymmetric network conditions- such as mix of ordered an unordered traffic, or link degradation and failures- existing packet spraying solutions often lead to increased tail latency. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of PRIME, a pseudo-randomized round-robin approach to packet spraying that considers the network topology to optimize load distribution and performance. PRIME uses congestion as an indicator to re-balance the load. To this extent, PRIME takes into account various congestion signals, accounting for congestion severity, and their decay times to avoid network hotspots. We extensively evaluated PRIME using large-scale production-level simulator. Our results indicate that, compared to existing solutions, PRIME leads to up to 15% improvement for permutation traffic and up to 27% improvement in network degradation scenarios

Traffic from distributed training of machine learning (ML) models makes up a large and growing fraction of the traffic mix in enterprise data centers. While work on distributed ML abounds, the network traffic generated by distributed ML has received little attention. Using measurements on a testbed network, we investigate the traffic characteristics generated by the training of the ResNet-50 neural network with an emphasis on studying its short-term burstiness. For the latter we propose metrics that quantify traffic burstiness at different time scales. Our analysis reveals that distributed ML traffic exhibits a very high degree of burstiness on short time scales, exceeding a 60:1 peak-to-mean ratio on time intervals as long as 5~ms. We observe that training software orchestrates transmissions in such a way that burst transmissions from different sources within the same application do not result in congestion and packet losses. An extrapolation of the measurement data to multiple applications underscores the challenges of distributed ML traffic for congestion and flow control algorithms.

At present, PDM (product data management) technology is on its way to application, and PDM vendors are demonstrating their PDM products on the market. At the same time, as the backbone of CE/CIMS, the PDM technology has caused academic concerns and has been regarded as the key to solving the problem of realizing CE/CIMS technology. Moreover, different ideas are being discussed. The author wants to present a new view of the PDM and its realization: the combination of the PDM and the Web. For this view, the author gives a specific method as to how to realize a PDM based on the Web.

At present, PDM (product data management) technology is on its way to application, and PDM vendors are demonstrating their PDM products on the market. At the same time, as the backbone of CE CIMS, the PDM technology has caused academic concerns and has been regarded as the key to solving the problem of realizing CE CIMS technology. Moreover, different ideas are being discussed. The author wants to present a new view of the PDM and its realization: the combination of the PDM and the Web. For this view, the author gives a specific method as to how to realize a PDM based on the Web.

With the further miniaturization and integration of multi-dimensional optical information detection devices, polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on anisotropic low-dimension materials have attractive potential applications. However, the performance of these devices is restricted by intrinsic property of materials leading to a small polarization ratio of the detectors. Here, we construct a black phosphorus (BP) homojunction photodetector defined by ferroelectric domains with ultra-sensitive polarization photoresponse. With the modulation of ferroelectric field, the BP exhibits anisotropic dispersion changes, leading an increased photothermalelectric (PTE) current in the armchair (AC) direction. Moreover, the PN junction can promote the PTE current and accelerate carrier separation. As a result, the BP photodetector demonstrates an ultrahigh polarization ratio (PR) of 288 at 1450 nm incident light, a large photoresponsivity of 1.06 A/W, and a high detectivity of 1.27 × 10 11 cmHz 1/2 W −1 at room temperature. This work reveals the great potential of BP in future polarized light detection. Integrated polarization-sensitive photodetectors are important for sensing applications and optical communication. Here, the authors report the realization of 2D black phosphorus homojunction photodetectors defined by ferroelectric substrates, showing polarization ratios up to 288 and high responsivity in the near-infrared.

Searching for compounds with intrinsic low lattice thermal conductivity has been proven a successful strategy for achieving high thermoelectric performance. Here we report a promising 2-1-2–type Eu 2 ZnSb 2 ( P 6 3 / mmc ) Zintl-phase thermoelectric material. Its intrinsic crystal structure, together with its widely distributed plane defects, likely contribute to its effective phonon scattering, leading to ultralow thermal conductivity (∼0.41 W m −1 ⋅K −1 at 300 K and ∼0.37 W m −1 ⋅K −1 at 623 K), lower than that of most other Zintl compounds. By regulating the Zn deficiency, the maximum ZT value of Eu 2 Zn 0.98 Sb 2 reaches ∼1.0 at 823 K, which is quite respectable for p-type Zintl materials. This discovery provides a class of Zintl thermoelectric materials applicable in the medium-temperature range. Zintl compounds are considered to be potential thermoelectric materials due to their “phonon glass electron crystal” (PGEC) structure. A promising Zintl-phase thermoelectric material, 2-1-2–type Eu 2 ZnSb 2 ( P 6 3 / mmc ), was prepared and investigated. The extremely low lattice thermal conductivity is attributed to the external Eu atomic layers inserted in the [Zn 2 Sb 2 ] 2- network in the structure of 1-2-2–type EuZn 2 Sb 2 ( P 3 ¯ m 1 ) , as well as the abundant inversion domain boundary. By regulating the Zn deficiency, the electrical properties are significantly enhanced, and the maximum ZT value reaches ∼1.0 at 823 K for Eu 2 Zn 0.98 Sb 2 . Our discovery provides a class of Zintl thermoelectric materials applicable in the medium-temperature range.

Testicular fibrous pseudotumor is a rare benign disease that is often misdiagnosed as testicular malignancy before surgery. We present a case of a 38-year-old male who had painless palpable masses in the left scrotum. Testicular tumor marker levels were within normal limits, and ultrasound revealed paratesticular masses. Intraoperative rapid diagnosis indicated a fibrous pseudotumor without malignancy. We successfully removed all the masses, along with the testis and a portion of the spermatic cord sheath, avoiding unnecessary orchiectomy.

Background Peanut embryo development is a complex process involving a series of gene regulatory pathways and is easily affected by various elements in the soil. Calcium deficiency in the soil induces early embryo abortion in peanut, which provides an opportunity to determine the mechanism underlying this important event. MicroRNA (miRNA)-guided target gene regulation is vital to a wide variety of biological processes. However, whether miRNAs participate in peanut embryo abortion under calcium deficiency has yet to be explored. Results In this study, with the assistance of a recently established platform for genome sequences of wild peanut species, we analyzed small RNAs (sRNAs) in early peanut embryos. A total of 29 known and 132 potential novel miRNAs were discovered in 12 peanut-specific miRNA families. Among the identified miRNAs, 87 were differentially expressed during early embryo development under calcium deficiency and sufficiency conditions, and 117 target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. Integrated analysis of miRNAs and transcriptome expression revealed 52 differentially expressed target genes of 20 miRNAs. The expression profiles for some differentially expressed targets by gene chip analysis were consistent with the transcriptome sequencing results. Together, our results demonstrate that seed/embryo development-related genes such as TCP3 , AP2 , EMB2750 , and GRF s; cell division and proliferation-related genes such as HsfB4 and DIVARICATA ; plant hormone signaling pathway-related genes such as CYP707A1 and CYP707A3 , with which abscisic acid (ABA) is involved; and BR1 , with which brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved, were actively modulated by miRNAs during early embryo development. Conclusions Both a number of miRNAs and corresponding target genes likely playing key roles in the regulation of peanut embryo abortion under calcium deficiency were identified. These findings provide for the first time new insights into miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways involved in peanut embryo abortion under calcium deficiency.

SignificanceSearching for compounds with intrinsic low lattice thermal conductivity has been proven a successful strategy for achieving high thermoelectric performance. Here we report a promising 2-1-2–type Eu2ZnSb2 (P63/mmc) Zintl-phase thermoelectric material. Its intrinsic crystal structure, together with its widely distributed plane defects, likely contribute to its effective phonon scattering, leading to ultralow thermal conductivity (∼0.41 W m−1⋅K−1 at 300 K and ∼0.37 W m−1⋅K−1 at 623 K), lower than that of most other Zintl compounds. By regulating the Zn deficiency, the maximum ZT value of Eu2Zn0.98Sb2 reaches ∼1.0 at 823 K, which is quite respectable for p-type Zintl materials. This discovery provides a class of Zintl thermoelectric materials applicable in the medium-temperature range. Zintl compounds are considered to be potential thermoelectric materials due to their “phonon glass electron crystal” (PGEC) structure. A promising Zintl-phase thermoelectric material, 2-1-2–type Eu2ZnSb2 (P63/mmc), was prepared and investigated. The extremely low lattice thermal conductivity is attributed to the external Eu atomic layers inserted in the [Zn2Sb2]2- network in the structure of 1-2-2–type EuZn2Sb2 (P3¯m1), as well as the abundant inversion domain boundary. By regulating the Zn deficiency, the electrical properties are significantly enhanced, and the maximum ZT value reaches ∼1.0 at 823 K for Eu2Zn0.98Sb2. Our discovery provides a class of Zintl thermoelectric materials applicable in the medium-temperature range.

Background. In order to prevent the recurrence and progression of intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), various bladder instillation therapies have been developed in recent years. Among these, device-assisted Hyperthermic Intravesical Chemotherapy (HIVEC) has received a great deal of attention. Objective. To identify the efficacy and safety of HIVEC, we conducted this meta-analysis. Methods. We identified relevant articles from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. All published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) describing the role of bladder instillation for the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC were involved. Outcomes included 1–3 years Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS), 1–3 years Progression-Free Survival (PFS), 5 years Overall Survival (OS), Adverse Events (AEs), and relevant subgroup analyses. Result. Our study involved a total of 10 RCTs and 1360 patients. In subgroup analysis, we found that compared to MMC instillation, HIVEC decreased the 1–3 years RFS (OR = 0.51; p=0.009) while not increasing the incidence of AEs (OR = 0.86; p=0.30). Compared with BCG instillation, HIVEC reduced the incidence of serious AEs (OR = 0.21; p=0.04) while bringing the same efficacy (OR = 0.78; p=0.63). Conclusion. HIVEC combined the advantages of efficacy and safety compared with the two recommended instillation modalities. As a potential alternative therapy, its widespread clinical effect remains to be further evaluated.