Explore the vast range of titles available.

Aim: Orchidaceae is the most species-rich angiosperm family and has one of the broadest distributions. Until now, the lack of a well-resolved phylogeny has prevented analyses of orchid historical biogeography. In this study, we use such a phylogeny to estimate the geographical spread of orchids, evaluate the importance of different regions in their diversification and assess the role of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in generating orchid diversity. Location: Global. Methods: Analyses use a phylogeny including species representing all five orchid subfamilies and almost all tribes and subtribes, calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. We estimated historical biogeography and assessed the importance of different regions for rates of speciation, extinction and net species diversification. We evaluated the impact of particular LDD events on orchid diversity by asking how many species evolved in the new range subsequent to those events. Results: Orchids appear to have arisen in Australia 112 Ma (95% higher probability distribution: 102.0—120.0 Ma), then spread to the Neotropics via Antarctica by 90 Ma (HPD: 79.7—99.5 Ma), when all three continents were in close contact and apostasioids split from the ancestor of all other orchids. Ancestors of vanilloids, cypripedioids and orchidoids+ epidendroids appear to have originated in the Neotropics 84—64 Ma. Repeated long- and short-distance dispersal occurred through orchid history: stochastic mapping identified a mean total of 74 LDD events or 0.8 Ma⁻¹. Across orchid history, Southeast Asia was the most important source and maximally accelerated net diversification; across epidendroids, the Neotropics maximally accelerated diversification. Main conclusions: Our analysis provides the first biogeographical history of the orchids, implicating Australia, the Neotropics and Antarctica in their origin. LDD and life in the Neotropics — especially the Andes — had profound effects on their spread and diversification; > 97% of all orchid species are restricted to individual continents.

The hyperdiverse orchid genus Bulbophyllum is the second largest genus of flowering plants and exhibits a pantropical distribution with a center of diversity in tropical Asia. The only Bulbophyllum section with a center of diversity in Australasia is sect. Adelopetalum . However, the phylogenetic placement, interspecific relationships, and spatio-temporal evolution of this section remain largely unclear. To infer broad-level relationships within Bulbophyllum , and interspecific relationships within sect. Adelopetalum , a genome skimming dataset was generated for 89 samples, which yielded 70 plastid coding regions and a nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron. For 18 additional samples, Sanger data from two plastid loci ( mat K and ycf 1) and nuclear ITS were added using a supermatrix approach. The study provided new insights into broad-level relationships in Bulbophyllum , including phylogenetic evidence for the non-monophyly of sections Beccariana , Brachyantha , Brachypus , Cirrhopetaloides , Cirrhopetalum , Desmosanthes , Minutissima , Oxysepala , Polymeres , and Sestochilos . Section Adelopetalum and sect. Minutissima s.s. formed a highly supported clade that was resolved as a sister group to the remainder of the genus. Divergence time estimations based on a relaxed molecular clock model placed the origin of Bulbophyllum in the Early Oligocene (ca. 33.2 Ma) and sect. Adelopetalum in the Late Oligocene (ca. 23.6 Ma). Ancestral range estimations based on a BAYAREALIKE model identified the Australian continent as the ancestral area of the sect. Adelopetalum. The section underwent crown diversification from the mid-Miocene to the late Pleistocene, predominantly in continental Australia. At least two independent long-distance dispersal events were inferred eastward from the Australian continent to New Zealand and to New Caledonia from the early Pliocene onwards, likely mediated by predominantly westerly winds of the Southern hemisphere. Retraction and fragmentation of the eastern Australian rainforests from the early Miocene onwards are likely drivers of lineage divergence within sect. Adelopetalum facilitating allopatric speciation.

Background Childhood obesity rates have continued to increase with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, data are limited on the impact of increasing obesity on associated comorbidities. Methods We evaluated the progression of overweight- or obesity-associated comorbidities by investigating change in laboratory results pre–COVID-19 pandemic and post–COVID-19 pandemic onset in youth with overweight or obesity. We defined progression of comorbidities based on increase in category rather than absolute change in value. Results HbA1c progression was seen in 19%, and LDL cholesterol progression was seen in 26%, as defined by categories. HbA1c progression and LDL cholesterol progression were significantly correlated. HbA1c and LDL cholesterol progression were significantly associated with older age and Hispanics, respectively. Conclusion The results indicate youths with overweight or obesity have experienced progression of comorbidities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study emphasizes the importance of early detection of comorbidities among a high-risk pediatric population.

Wrist-worn activity monitors are often used to monitor heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) in a variety of settings including more recently in medical applications. The use of real-time physiological signals to inform medical systems including drug delivery systems and decision support systems will depend on the accuracy of the signals being measured, including accuracy of HR and EE. Prior studies assessed accuracy of wearables only during steady-state aerobic exercise. The objective of this study was to validate the accuracy of both HR and EE for 2 common wrist-worn devices during a variety of dynamic activities that represent various physical activities associated with daily living including structured exercise. We assessed the accuracy of both HR and EE for two common wrist-worn devices (Fitbit Charge 2 and Garmin vívosmart HR+) during dynamic activities. Over a 2-day period, 20 healthy adults (age: mean 27.5 [SD 6.0] years; body mass index: mean 22.5 [SD 2.3] kg/m ; 11 females) performed a maximal oxygen uptake test, free-weight resistance circuit, interval training session, and activities of daily living. Validity was assessed using an HR chest strap (Polar) and portable indirect calorimetry (Cosmed). Accuracy of the commercial wearables versus research-grade standards was determined using Bland-Altman analysis, correlational analysis, and error bias. Fitbit and Garmin were reasonably accurate at measuring HR but with an overall negative bias. There was more error observed during high-intensity activities when there was a lack of repetitive wrist motion and when the exercise mode indicator was not used. The Garmin estimated HR with a mean relative error (RE, %) of -3.3% (SD 16.7), whereas Fitbit estimated HR with an RE of -4.7% (SD 19.6) across all activities. The highest error was observed during high-intensity intervals on bike (Fitbit: -11.4% [SD 35.7]; Garmin: -14.3% [SD 20.5]) and lowest error during high-intensity intervals on treadmill (Fitbit: -1.7% [SD 11.5]; Garmin: -0.5% [SD 9.4]). Fitbit and Garmin EE estimates differed significantly, with Garmin having less negative bias (Fitbit: -19.3% [SD 28.9], Garmin: -1.6% [SD 30.6], P<.001) across all activities, and with both correlating poorly with indirect calorimetry measures. Two common wrist-worn devices (Fitbit Charge 2 and Garmin vívosmart HR+) show good HR accuracy, with a small negative bias, and reasonable EE estimates during low to moderate-intensity exercise and during a variety of common daily activities and exercise. Accuracy was compromised markedly when the activity indicator was not used on the watch or when activities involving less wrist motion such as cycle ergometry were done.

The orchid genus Dipodium R.Br. (Epidendroideae) comprises leafy autotrophic and leafless mycoheterotrophic species, with the latter confined to sect. Dipodium . This study examined plastome degeneration in Dipodium in a phylogenomic and temporal context. Whole plastomes were reconstructed and annotated for 24 Dipodium samples representing 14 species and two putatively new species, encompassing over 80% of species diversity in sect. Dipodium . Phylogenomic analysis based on 68 plastid loci including a broad outgroup sampling across Orchidaceae found that sect. Leopardanthus is the sister lineage to sect. Dipodium. Dipodium ensifolium , the only leafy autotrophic species in sect. Dipodium , was found to be a sister to all leafless, mycoheterotrophic species, supporting a single evolutionary origin of mycoheterotrophy in the genus. Divergence-time estimations found that Dipodium arose ca. 33.3 Ma near the lower boundary of the Oligocene and that crown diversification commenced in the late Miocene, ca. 11.3 Ma. Mycoheterotrophy in the genus was estimated to have evolved in the late Miocene, ca. 7.3 Ma, in sect. Dipodium . The comparative assessment of plastome structure and gene degradation in Dipodium revealed that plastid ndh genes were pseudogenised or physically lost in all Dipodium species, including in leafy autotrophic species of both Dipodium sections. Levels of plastid ndh gene degradation were found to vary among species as well as within species, providing evidence of relaxed selection for retention of the NADH dehydrogenase complex within the genus. Dipodium exhibits an early stage of plastid genome degradation, as all species were found to have retained a full set of functional photosynthesis-related genes and housekeeping genes. This study provides important insights into plastid genome degradation along the transition from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy in a phylogenomic and temporal context.

IntroductionDiabetes distress (DD) describes the unrelenting emotional and behavioral challenges of living with, and caring for someone living with, type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated associations between parent-reported and child-reported DD, T1D device use, and child glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in 157 families of school-age children.Research design and methodsParents completed the Parent Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child (PPAID-C) and children completed the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child (PAID-C) to assess for DD levels. Parents also completed a demographic form where they reported current insulin pump or continuous glucose monitor (CGM) use (ie, user/non-user). We measured child HbA1c using a valid home kit and central laboratory. We used correlations and linear regression for our analyses.ResultsChildren were 49% boys and 77.1% non-Hispanic white (child age (mean±SD)=10.2±1.5 years, T1D duration=3.8±2.4 years, HbA1c=7.96±1.62%). Most parents self-identified as mothers (89%) and as married (78%). Parents’ mean PPAID-C score was 51.83±16.79 (range: 16–96) and children’s mean PAID-C score was 31.59±12.39 (range: 11–66). Higher child HbA1c correlated with non-pump users (r=−0.16, p<0.05), higher PPAID-C scores (r=0.36, p<0.001) and higher PAID-C scores (r=0.24, p<0.001), but there was no association between child HbA1c and CGM use. A regression model predicting child HbA1c based on demographic variables, pump use, and parent-reported and child-reported DD suggested parents’ PPAID-C score was the strongest predictor of child HbA1c.ConclusionsOur analyses suggest parent DD is a strong predictor of child HbA1c and is another modifiable treatment target for lowering child HbA1c.

Australia harbours a rich and highly endemic orchid flora with over 90% of native species found nowhere else. However, little is known about the assembly and evolution of Australia’s orchid flora. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to infer evolutionary relationships, divergence times and range evolution in Pterostylidinae (Orchidoideae), the second largest subtribe in the Australian orchid flora, comprising the genera Pterostylis and Achlydosa . Phylogenetic analysis of 75 plastid genes provided well-resolved and supported phylogenies. Intrageneric relationships in Pterostylis were clarified and monophyly of eight of 10 sections supported. Achlydosa was found to not form part of Pterostylidinae and instead merits recognition at subtribal level, as Achlydosinae. Pterostylidinae were inferred to have originated in eastern Australia in the early Oligocene, coinciding with the complete separation of Australia from Antarctica and the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which led to profound changes in the world’s climate. Divergence of all major lineages occurred during the Miocene, accompanied by increased aridification and seasonality of the Australian continent, resulting in strong vegetational changes from rainforest to more open sclerophyllous vegetation. The majority of extant species were inferred to have originated in the Quaternary, from the Pleistocene onwards. The rapid climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene may have acted as important driver of speciation in Pterostylidinae. The subtribe underwent lineage diversification mainly within its ancestral range, in eastern Australia. Long-distance dispersals to southwest Australia commenced from the late Miocene onwards, after the establishment of the Nullarbor Plain, which constitutes a strong edaphic barrier to mesic plants. Range expansions from the mesic into the arid zone of eastern Australia (Eremaean region) commenced from the early Pleistocene onwards. Extant distributions of Pterostylidinae in other Australasian regions, such as New Zealand and New Caledonia, are of more recent origin, resulting from long-distance dispersals from the Pliocene onwards. Temperate eastern Australia was identified as key source area for dispersals to other Australasian regions.

The Australasian biogeographic realm is a major centre of diversity for orchids, with every subfamily of the Orchidaceae represented and high levels of endemism at the species rank. It is hypothesised that there is a commensurate diversity of viruses infecting this group of plants. In this study, we have utilised high-throughput sequencing to survey for viruses infecting greenhood orchids (Pterostylidinae) in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. The main aim of this study was to characterise Pterostylis blotch virus (PtBV), a previously reported but uncharacterised virus that had been tentatively classified in the genus Orthotospovirus. This classification was confirmed by genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses suggested that PtBV is representative of a new species that is possibly indigenous to Australia as it does not belong to either the American or Eurasian clades of orthotospoviruses. Apart from PtBV, putative new viruses in the genera Alphaendornavirus, Amalgavirus, Polerovirus and Totivirus were discovered, and complete genome sequences were obtained for each virus. It is concluded that the polerovirus is likely an example of an introduced virus infecting a native plant species in its natural habitat, as this virus is probably vectored by an aphid, and Australia has a depauperate native aphid fauna that does not include any species that are host-adapted to orchids.

ObjectivesWe sought to examine in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection whether risk for thrombotic and thromboembolic events (TTE) is modified by presence of a diabetes diagnosis. Furthermore, we analysed whether differential risk for TTEs exists in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) versus type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).DesignRetrospective case–control study.SettingThe December 2020 version of the Cerner Real-World Data COVID-19 database is a deidentified, nationwide database containing electronic medical record (EMR) data from 87 US-based health systems.ParticipantsWe analysed EMR data for 322 482 patients >17 years old with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who received care between December 2019 and mid-September 2020. Of these, 2750 had T1DM; 57 811 had T2DM; and 261 921 did not have diabetes.OutcomeTTE, defined as presence of a diagnosis code for myocardial infarction, thrombotic stroke, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis or other TTE.ResultsOdds of TTE were substantially higher in patients with T1DM (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.23 (1.93–2.59)) and T2DM (AOR 1.52 (1.46–1.58)) versus no diabetes. Among patients with diabetes, odds of TTE were lower in T2DM versus T1DM (AOR 0.84 (0.72–0.98)).ConclusionsRisk of TTE during COVID-19 illness is substantially higher in patients with diabetes. Further, risk for TTEs is higher in those with T1DM versus T2DM. Confirmation of increased diabetes-associated clotting risk in future studies may warrant incorporation of diabetes status into SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment algorithms.

Objective: This paper reports on the initial outcomes of a new mHealth intervention to reduce diabetes distress (DD) in families of school-age children living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) entitled, ‘Remedy to Diabetes Distress’ (R2D2). Methods: We randomized 34 families (mean child age = 10 ± 1.4 years; 53% male, 85% White, mean HbA1c = 7.24 ± 0.71%) to one of three delivery arms differing only by number of telehealth visits over a 10-week period: zero visits = self-guided (SG), three visits = enhanced self-guided (ESG), or eight visits = video visits (VV). All families had 24 × 7 access to digital treatment materials for 10 weeks. We examined the feasibility and acceptability of R2D2. We used the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Child (PPAIDC and PAIDC, parent and child, respectively) to examine treatment effects by time and delivery arm. We performed sensitivity analyses to characterize families who responded to R2D2. Results: It was feasible for families to access R2D2 mHealth content independently, though attendance at telehealth visits was variable. Parents and children reported high satisfaction scores. There were significant pre-post reductions in PPAIDC (p = 0.026) and PAIDC (p = 0.026) scores but no differences by delivery arm. There were no differences in child age, sex, race, or pre-treatment HbA1c for responders versus non-responders, though families who responded reported higher PPAID-C scores pre-treatment (p = 0.01) and tended to report shorter diabetes duration (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Initial results support the acceptability and treatment effects of R2D2 regardless of the frequency of adjunctive virtual visits. Characterizing responders may help to identify families who could benefit from R2D2 in the future.