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"Dawson, D. D"
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The public library : a photographic essay
\"Many of us have vivid recollections of childhood visits to the public library: the unmistakable, slightly musty scent, the excitement of checking out a stack of newly-discovered books. Today's libraries also function as de facto community centers, and offer free access to the Internet, job-hunting assistance, or a warm place to take shelter along with the endless possibilities that spark your imagination the moment you open the cover of a book. There are more than 17,000 public libraries in America. Over the last eighteen years, photographer Robert Dawson has traveled the nation, documenting hundreds of these institutions--from Alaska to Florida, New England to the West Coast. The Public Library presents a wide selection of Dawson's photographs, revealing a vibrant, essential, yet seriously threatened system. Essays, letters, and poetry by a collection of America's most celebrated writers--including E. B. White, Isaac Asimov, Anne Lamott, Amy Tan, Charles Simic, Dr. Seuss, and Philip Levine, as well as the voices of dedicated librarians working today--are woven with photographs of the majestic reading room at the New York Public Library; the one-room Tulare County Free Library built by former slaves, in Allensworth, California; the architectural wonder of Seattle's glass and steel Central Library; and the Berkeley, California tool lending library; among many others. A foreword by Bill Moyers and an afterword by Ann Patchett bookend this important survey of a treasured American institution\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A full degree-of-freedom spatiotemporal light modulator
Harnessing the full complexity of optical fields requires the complete control of all degrees of freedom within a region of space and time—an open goal for present-day spatial light modulators, active metasurfaces and optical phased arrays. Here, we resolve this challenge with a programmable photonic crystal cavity array enabled by four key advances: (1) near-unity vertical coupling to high-finesse microcavities through inverse design; (2) scalable fabrication by optimized 300 mm full-wafer processing; (3) picometre-precision resonance alignment using automated, closed-loop ‘holographic trimming’; and (4) out-of-plane cavity control via a high-speed μLED array. Combining each, we demonstrate the near-complete spatiotemporal control of a 64 resonator, two-dimensional spatial light modulator with nanosecond- and femtojoule-order switching. Simultaneously operating wavelength-scale modes near the space–bandwidth and time–bandwidth limits, this work opens a new regime of programmability at the fundamental limits of multimode optical control.Panuski et al. demonstrate a programmable photonic crystal cavity array, enabling the spatiotemporal control of a 64 resonator, two-dimensional spatial light modulator with nanosecond- and femtojoule-order switching.
Journal Article
Cassini imaging of Titan's high-latitude lakes, clouds, and south-polar surface changes
Cassini's Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) has been observing Titan since April 2004, compiling a nearly global surface map and monitoring the surface and atmosphere for activity. Early images of the south‐polar region revealed numerous dark surface features and contemporaneous convective cloud systems, suggesting the presence of hydrocarbon lakes similar to those later detected at Titan's North Pole. Intriguingly, repeated south‐polar imaging by ISS revealed differences consistent with ponding of hydrocarbon liquids on the surface due to precipitation from a large storm. More recent ISS images of high northern latitudes illustrate the full extents (>500,000 km2) of hydrocarbon seas, sections of which have been observed by Cassini's RADAR. These observations demonstrate dynamic processes at work on Titan and that the poles harbor liquid‐hydrocarbon reservoirs, the extents of which differ from pole to pole and which may be coupled to seasonally varying circulation.
Journal Article
Noncanonical roles of chemokine regions in CCR9 activation revealed by structural modeling and mutational mapping
The G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CCR9 plays a major role in inflammatory bowel disease and is implicated in cancer. Despite its therapeutic relevance, the mechanism by which CCR9 is activated by its endogenous chemokine CCL25 remains poorly understood. Here, we combine structural modeling with multimodal pharmacological analysis of CCR9 mutants to map the CCR9–CCL25 interface and delineate key determinants of binding, G protein versus arrestin signaling, and constitutive activity. We show that unlike other chemokines which drive receptor activation through their N-termini, CCL25 activates CCR9 via a distinct region, its 30s loop. Supporting this non-canonical mechanism, CCR9 signaling tolerates alanine mutations in the CCL25 N-terminus but is strongly affected by 30s loop modifications. Engineered N-terminally modified CCL25 analogs remain full agonists, consistent with signaling determinants lying outside the N-terminus. This non-canonical activation signature provides insights for CCR9 drug discovery and may inform structure-based design for other chemokine receptors.
CCR9 is chemokine receptor involved in gut inflammation and cancer. Here, the authors use AI-based modeling, protein engineering and pharmacological experiments to reveal the unusual anatomy of CCR9 activation by its endogenous chemokine agonist CCL25.
Journal Article
Density-dependent home-range size revealed by spatially explicit capture-recapture
The size of animal home ranges often varies inversely with population density among populations of a species. This fact has implications for population monitoring using spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models, in which both the scale of home-range movements σ and population density D usually appear as parameters, and both may vary among populations. It will often be appropriate to model a structural relationship between population-specific values of these parameters, rather than to assume independence. We suggest re-parameterizing the SECR model using kp
= σ
p
√Dp
, where kp
relates to the degree of overlap between home ranges and the subscript p distinguishes populations. We observe that kp
is often nearly constant for populations spanning a range of densities. This justifies fitting a model in which the separate kp
are replaced by the single parameter k and σ
p
is a density-dependent derived parameter. Continuous density-dependent spatial variation in σ may also be modelled, using a scaled non-Euclidean distance between detectors and the locations of animals. We illustrate these methods with data from automatic photography of tigers Panthera tigris across India, in which the variation is among populations, from mist-netting of ovenbirds Seiurus aurocapilla in Maryland, USA, in which the variation is within a single population over time, and from live-trapping of brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula in New Zealand, modelling spatial variation within one population.
Possible applications and limitations of the methods are discussed. A model in which kp
is constant, while density varies, provides a parsimonious null model for SECR. The parameter k of the null model is a concise summary of the empirical relationship between home-range size and density that is useful in comparative studies. We expect deviations from this model, particularly the dependence of kp
on covariates, to be biologically interesting.
Journal Article
Age and Periodontal Health—Immunological View
Purpose of the Review
Aging clearly impacts a wide array of systems, in particular the breadth of the immune system leading to immunosenescence, altered immunoactivation, and coincident inflammaging processes. The net result of these changes leads to increased susceptibility to infections, increased neoplastic occurrences, and elevated frequency of autoimmune diseases with aging. However, as the bacteria in the oral microbiome that contribute to the chronic infection of periodontitis is acquired earlier in life, the characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune systems to regulate these members of the autochthonous microbiota across the lifespan remains ill-defined.
Recent Findings
Clear data demonstrate that both cells and molecules of the innate and adaptive immune response are adversely impacted by aging, including in the oral cavity, yielding a reasonable tenet that the increased periodontitis noted in aging populations is reflective of the age-associated immune dysregulation. Additionally, this facet of host-microbe interactions and disease needs to accommodate the population variation in disease onset and progression, which may also reflect an accumulation of environmental stressors and/or decreased protective nutrients that could function at the gene level (i.e., epigenetic) or translational level for production and secretion of immune system molecules.
Summary
Finally, the majority of studies of aging and periodontitis have emphasized the increased prevalence/severity of disease with aging, all based upon chronological age. However, evolving areas of study focusing on “biological aging” to help account for population variation in disease expression may suggest that chronic periodontitis represents a co-morbidity that contributes to “gerovulnerability” within the population.
Journal Article
Myocardial infarction risk is increased by periodontal pathobionts: a cross-sectional study
To establish the role of periodontal pathobionts as a risk factor for myocardial infarction, we examined the contribution of five periodontal pathobionts and their virulence genes’ expressions to myocardial injury (Troponin-I) and coronary artery disease burden (SYNTAX-I scores) using hierarchical linear regression. Pathobiont loads in subgingival-plaques and intra-coronary-thrombi were compared. Troponin-I release increased with one 16S rRNA gene copy/ng DNA of
Porphyromonas gingivalis
(β = 6.8 × 10
–6
, 95% CI = 1.1 × 10
–7
–2.1 × 10
–5
), one-fold increased expressions of
fimA
(β = 14.3, 95% CI = 1.5–27.1),
bioF-3
(β = 7.8, 95% CI = 1.1–12.3),
prtH
(β = 1107.8, 95% CI = 235.6–2451.3),
prtP
(β = 6772.8, 95% CI = 2418.7–11,126.9),
ltxA
(β = 1811.8, 95% CI = 217.1–3840.8),
cdtB
(β = 568.3, 95% CI = 113.4–1250.1), all
p
< 0.05. SYNTAX-I score increased with one 16S rRNA gene copy/ng DNA of
Porphyromonas gingivalis
(β = 3.8 × 10
–9
, 95% CI = 3.6 × 10
–10
-1.8 × 10
–8
), one-fold increased expressions of
fimA
(β = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–2.1),
bioF-3
(β = 1.1, 95% CI = 1–5.2),
prtP
(β = 3, 95% CI = 1.3–4.6),
ltxA
(β = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2–2.5), all
p
< 0.05. Within-subject
Porphyromonas gingivalis
and
Tannerella forsythia
from intra-coronary-thrombi and subgingival-plaques correlated (rho = 0.6,
p
< 0.05). Higher pathobiont load and/or upregulated virulence are risk factors for myocardial infarction.
Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04719026.
Journal Article
The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource
Background
The use of swine in biomedical research has increased dramatically in the last decade. Diverse genomic- and proteomic databases have been developed to facilitate research using human and rodent models. Current porcine gene databases, however, lack the robust annotation to study pig models that are relevant to human studies and for comparative evaluation with rodent models. Furthermore, they contain a significant number of errors due to their primary reliance on machine-based annotation. To address these deficiencies, a comprehensive literature-based survey was conducted to identify certain selected genes that have demonstrated function in humans, mice or pigs.
Results
The process identified 13,054 candidate human, bovine, mouse or rat genes/proteins used to select potential porcine homologs by searching multiple online sources of porcine gene information. The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database ((
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065
) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. It also contains gene and/or protein expression data for >2200 genes and identifies and corrects 8187 errors (gene duplications artifacts, mis-assemblies, mis-annotations, and incorrect species assignments) for 5337 porcine genes.
Conclusions
This database is the largest manually curated database for any single veterinary species and is unique among porcine gene databases in regard to linking gene expression to gene function, identifying related gene pathways, and connecting data with other porcine gene databases. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs.
Journal Article