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The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is a relatively new parameter, calculated off optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, for the quantitative evaluation of choroid vascularity. It is defined as the ratio of vascular area to the total choroidal area, presented as a percentage. The choroid is an important vascular bed, often implicated in ocular and systemic conditions. Since the introduction of CVI, multiple studies have evaluated its efficacy as a tool for disease prognostication and monitoring progression, with promising results. The CVI was born out of the need for more robust and accurate evaluations of choroidal vasculature, as prior parameters such as choroidal thickness and choroidal vessel diameter had their limitations. In this review, we summarise current literature on the CVI, explain how the CVI is derived and explore its potential integration into future research and translation into clinical care. This includes the application of CVI in various disease states, and ongoing attempts to produce an automated algorithm which can calculate CVI from OCT images.

This study focuses on high-cycle fatigue (HCF) of aircraft landing gear (LG) components, covering material testing, full-scale component experiments, finite element (FE) modeling, life-prediction comparison, and probabilistic assessment. Fully reversed axial fatigue tests on forty 300M steel specimens were conducted to establish a reliable S-N curve. Full-scale fatigue experiment conducted on the upper torque link components showed that the one cracking at approximately 184,000 cycles (at the filet), while another remained undamaged after 166,000 cycles, providing a benchmark for model validation. FE simulations using ANSYS accurately captured the stress field within the component, with a maximum error of less than 10% compared to experimental strain measurements. Based on the FKM guideline, this work developed an improved FKM local-stress approach (LSA) for HCF life prediction, which integrates load-dependent stress gradients, FKM mean stress correction, and interpolated surface-condition factors for S-N curve adjustment specific to the component’s surface treatment. It predicts the fatigue life as 174,000 cycles (−5.4% error relative to test), outperforming standard FKM-LSA calculations and nCode software simulations. Furthermore, by augmenting the experimental data and constructing p-S-N curves, the improved LSA was extended to predict fatigue life under different survival probabilities and confidence levels, providing a practical tool for reliability-based design.

There is growing interest in the application of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors (ROCKI) to the treatment of corneal diseases. ROCK is a key regulator of several cellular processes in the cornea, including cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and wound healing. ROCKI, such as ripasudil and netarsudil, enhances endothelial cell migration, and promotes repair in conditions characterized by endothelial dysfunction. These agents also exert anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects for wound healing. As such, ROCKI demonstrate promise as therapeutic options for conditions such as Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, and iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Emerging data further supports ROCKI’s potential in managing corneal neovascularization and supporting recovery following cataract surgery and keratoplasty, reducing the need for donor tissue. This narrative review provides a comprehensive evaluation of ROCKI’s mechanism of action, pharmacological properties, safety profile, applications in corneal disease management, emerging clinical trials, and novel approaches. We emphasize both preclinical and clinical findings, highlight existing evidence gaps, and outline future research priorities.

Through the establishment of a three-dimensional joint clearance model, the effects of joint clearances at different positions on shimmy stability are evaluated. In this paper, considering the radial, axial and coupling characteristics of joint clearance, the shimmy multibody dynamics (MBD) model is applied to different joints in the nose landing gear (NLG) transmission system. It is proposed to evaluate the influence of joint clearance on shimmy from two aspects of position factor and wear factor. The study found that different joint clearances have different effects on shimmy: the joint clearance between the NLG and fuselage has little influence on shimmy; the larger axial clearance of upper and lower torque link joint will cause the shimmy of the NLG, but the radial clearance has no effect on shimmy; while the joint clearance between turning sleeve and upper torque link, lower torque link and piston only works in the axial and radial coupling. The reasons for the different influence characteristics of each joint space are analyzed. Consequently, studying and summarizing the influence of different clearance on shimmy is of great significance for the design and maintenance of the NLG joints.

The design of the nose landing gear (NLG) torsional damping is very important to avoid the taxiing vibration of the aircraft. On the one hand, increasing the torsional damping can suppress the nose wheel shimmy. On the other hand, if the design value is too large, it will cause unstable vibration of the aircraft direction, and the latter will often be ignored, which will bring potential risks to the taxiing safety of the aircraft. In this paper, by establishing a multibody dynamics model (MBD) of aircraft taxiing, including NLG, main landing gear (MLG), airframe, related force elements and kinematic pairs, the effect of the torsional damping of NLG on aircraft directional stability is studied, and the key taxiing parameters of aircraft taxiing in an unstable direction are obtained. In order to propose the damping design specification for the nose landing gear anti-shimmy system, the critical value of torsional damping for stable taxiing in the direction of the aircraft is calculated. It is found that nose wheel shimmy and the unstable vibration of the aircraft direction will occur simultaneously, but the vibration frequencies are different. Therefore, in addition to the anti-shimmy design, the influence of the aircraft’s directional unstable vibration must also be considered in the engineering application.

Due to the complexity of the landing gear’s (LG) structural integrity and its loads under various static or dynamic working conditions, the fatigue life assessment for LG is a highly challenging task. On the basis of the whole geometric model of a large passenger aircraft’s main landing gear (MLG), the quasi-static finite element model (FEM) of the whole MLG is established, and the high-cycle fatigue issue of the Main Fitting (MF) is studied by considering the variation in shock absorber travel (SAT). Firstly, the ground loads under actual fatigue conditions are equivalently converted into the forces acting on the center of the left and right axles of the MLG, and based on these spatial force decompositions, the magnitude and direction of the load for 12 different basic unit load cases (ULC) are obtained. That is, the stress of the MLG under actual fatigue conditions can be obtained by superimposing these ULCs. Then, considering that the SAT of the MLG varies under different fatigue conditions, and to reduce the number of finite element (FE) simulations, this article simplifies all the SAT experienced by the MLG into seven specific values, so as to establish seven quasi-static FEMs of the MLG with the specified stroke of the shock absorber. In this way, the fatigue stress of the MLG with any actual SAT can be obtained by interpolating the stress components of the seven FEMs. Only 84 FE simulations are needed to efficiently obtain the fatigue stress spectra from the ground load spectra. Finally, according to the material S-N curve and Miner’s damage accumulation criterion, evaluate the fatigue life of the Main Fitting. The results of the stress component interpolation and superposition method show that at least five different SATs of the whole MLG’s FEM are needed to effectively convert the fatigue loads into a stress spectrum. The fatigue life prediction results indicate that the minimum lifespan of the MF is 53164 landings, which means that the fatigue life meets the requirement design.

Accurate detection of ocular signs is essential for early diagnosis of eye diseases, but current AI approaches using facial or external ocular images include non-essential information, compromising performance and patient privacy. We conducted a multinational retrospective study of 2360 eyes from 1180 half-face images of thyroid eye disease patients across five racial groups from five hospitals in three countries. We developed a Dense Squeeze-and-Excitation Network (DSE-Net) to segment eyelid, conjunctiva, lacrimal caruncle, and eyeball, minimizing exposure and enhancing privacy. DSE-Net achieved Dice coefficient of 84.7%, 84.8%, 92.7%, and 95.1%, outperforming seven segmentation models. We then built SegmenView, employing LeNet, AlexNet, ResNet50, and VGGNet16 to detect eyelid edema, conjunctival erythema, caruncle or plica edema, and exophthalmos. SegmenView achieved internal Area Under the Curve (AUCs) of 71.09%, 80.81%, 90.07%, and 82.86%; external AUCs ranging 55.58%–84.29% across two test datasets, outperforming half-face and periocular models. We also compared SegmenView with four privacy-preserving methods, showing its superior ability to balance privacy protection with diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, visualizations based on Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) further enhanced the model’s interpretability. Our approach demonstrates high accuracy, generalizability, and potential for lightweight, privacy-preserving ocular sign detection.

BackgroundTo conduct a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of visual field fast (VFF), a free iPad-based noise-field perimeter, in detecting glaucomatous scotomas versus the clinical-standard Humphrey visual field (HVF) test. VFF confronts subjects with a screen of flickering stimulus, allowing the immediate perception of scotomas.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional observational study of 66 glaucoma patients (66 eyes) and 30 healthy controls (30 eyes). All patients had no other visual field disorders. VFF was compared against HVF in terms of whole field and quadrants for the following: (1) correspondence in scotoma detection. (2) Agreement and correlation of the scotoma size (percentage of abnormal visual field area). (3) Test duration. Other domains tested included: (1) correlation of VFF scotoma area with the severity of visual field loss on HVF (mean deviation, MD; visual field index, VFI). (2) Repeatability of VFF. (3) Patient descriptors of scotomas.ResultsUsing HVF pattern deviation plot as a reference, VFF detected 52/57 (91.2%) of glaucoma subjects with 1 false-positive (control) (kappa = 0.86). 146/184 (79.3%) of abnormal quadrants (visual field defect present) were localized and 23/157 (14.6%) healthy quadrants were falsely identified as abnormal (kappa = 0.61). VFF underestimated scotoma area as compared to HVF (21.0% versus 44.0%, p < 0.01) but correlated positively (r = 0.268, p = 0.044) with HVF area and negatively with VFI (r = −0.340, p = 0.01) and MD (r = −0.398, p < 0.01). Using HVF total deviation plot as reference, VFF’s glaucoma detection rate remained unchanged (kappa = 0.86) with similar quadrant detection (kappa = 0.68). However, a greater underestimation of scotoma area was observed (21.0% versus 85.4%, p < 0.01). VFF’s quantitative repeatability was excellent for whole field (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC: 0.96; p < 0.0001) and quadrants (ICC: 0.82–0.96; all p < 0.001). Qualitatively, 35/37 (94.6%) of subjects reported reduced luminance and flicker in scotomas, with similar morphologies on retests. VFF is faster than HVF SITA-Standard in glaucoma (3.60 ± 1.85 min versus 6.92 ± 1.12 min, p < 0.01) and control (1.12 ± 0.486 min versus 5.16 ± 0.727 min, p < 0.01).ConclusionThis early model of VFF accurately detected scotomas with high repeatability. However, its accuracy in localizing and quantifying the scotoma can be improved. Considering its portability and cost-effectiveness, VFF demonstrated potential as a general screening tool for moderate-to-severe glaucoma.

Background Delayed diagnosis of rare orbital diseases is attributed to limited clinical awareness. Building on prior evidence of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for detecting common ocular conditions, this study aims to evaluate whether integrating multimodal clinical data can enhance the diagnostic accuracy of MLLMs for rare orbital diseases. Methods We conducted a multinational, multiracial, retrospective study. Two datasets were analyzed: Dataset 1, containing 6,786 single-eye photographs from China, was used to fine-tune a contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) for preliminary classification of healthy eyes, orbital diseases, and non-orbital diseases, and to compare its performance against three traditional models and three next-generation models. Dataset 2, comprising 170 participants from China, Singapore, and Thailand, was used to evaluate a MLLM (GPT-4o-Latest). Sequential sensitivity analysis assessed the impact of adding external eye photographs, chief complaints, racial information, and diagnostic reasoning prompts. An AI agent combining the CLIP model with GPT-4o-Latest was further evaluated. The model’s ability to generate medical reports and examination recommendations was also assessed. Results Here we show that the CLIP model achieves 90.21% preliminary detection accuracy, surpassing all baseline models. MLLM detection accuracy improves significantly with the inclusion of multimodal inputs. When relying on external eye images, the top-5 accuracy is 25.68%. The combined agent raises top-5 accuracy to 85.29%. Generated reports and recommendations display high accuracy, readability, completeness, and low potential for harm. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential of MLLM in improving diagnostic accuracy and supporting clinical decision-making for rare orbital diseases. Plain language summary Orbital diseases affect the eye socket. Limited clinical awareness often results in delayed diagnosis of rare orbital diseases. While computational models trained on large datasets, particularly large language models (LLMs), including multimodal large language models (MLLMs), have shown potential in diagnosing common eye conditions, their effectiveness in diagnosing rare orbital diseases remains unclear. We integrated various data sources to see if this could improve the accuracy of MLLMs in diagnosing rare orbital diseases. Our model provided high-quality medical reports and examination recommendations. These findings show that MLLMs could be used to improve diagnostic accuracy and support clinical decision-making for rare orbital diseases. Lei et al. present a multimodal large language model for the classification of orbital diseases. They find that their model achieves high preliminary detection accuracy, with strong readability and completeness.

High-capacity power battery can be attained through the elevation of the cut-off voltage for LiNi 0.83 Co 0.12 Mn 0.05 O 2 high-nickel material. Nevertheless, unstable lattice oxygen would be released during the lithium deep extraction. To solve the above issues, the electronic structure is reconstructed by substituting Li + ions with Y 3+ ions. The dopant within the Li layer could transfer electrons to the adjacent lattice oxygen. Subsequently, the accumulated electrons in the oxygen site are transferred to nickel of highly valence state under the action of the reduction coupling mechanism. The modified strategy suppresses the generation of oxygen defects by regulating the local electronic structure, but more importantly, it reduces the concentration of highly reactive Ni 4+ species during the charging state, thus avoiding the evolution of an unexpected phase transition. Strengthening the coupling strength between the lithium layers and transition metal layers finally realizes the fast-charging performance improvement and the cycling stability enhancement under high voltage. Authors report on restructuring the electronic structure of a high-nickel material by substituting Li + ions with Y 3+ ions. This strategy suppresses the generation of oxygen defects with a reduction coupling mechanism improving high-voltage stability.