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A book that explores the world of dinosaurs through a series of puzzles and mini-games.
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Reductive cyanation of organic chlorides using CO2 and NH3 via Triphos–Ni(I) species
Cyano-containing compounds constitute important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic materials. Traditional cyanation methods often rely on the use of toxic metal cyanides which have serious disposal, storage and transportation issues. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop general and efficient catalytic methods for cyanide-free production of nitriles. Here we report the reductive cyanation of organic chlorides using CO
2
/NH
3
as the electrophilic CN source. The use of tridentate phosphine ligand Triphos allows for the nickel-catalyzed cyanation of a broad array of aryl and aliphatic chlorides to produce the desired nitrile products in good yields, and with excellent functional group tolerance. Cheap and bench-stable urea was also shown as suitable CN source, suggesting promising application potential. Mechanistic studies imply that Triphos-Ni(I) species are responsible for the reductive C-C coupling approach involving isocyanate intermediates. This method expands the application potential of reductive cyanation in the synthesis of functionalized nitrile compounds under cyanide-free conditions, which is valuable for safe synthesis of (isotope-labeled) drugs.
Nitriles are key intermediates in production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and organic materials. Here, the authors report a nickel-catalyzed reductive cyanation of organic chlorides with CO
2
/NH
3
and urea as cyanation reagents to afford a broad range of organic nitriles.
Journal Article
Controllable field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization through bulk spin-orbit torque in symmetry-broken ferromagnetic films
Programmable magnetic field-free manipulation of perpendicular magnetization switching is essential for the development of ultralow-power spintronic devices. However, the magnetization in a centrosymmetric single-layer ferromagnetic film cannot be switched directly by passing an electrical current in itself. Here, we demonstrate a repeatable bulk spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of the perpendicularly magnetized CoPt alloy single-layer films by introducing a composition gradient in the thickness direction to break the inversion symmetry. Experimental results reveal that the bulk SOT-induced effective field on the domain walls leads to the domain walls motion and magnetization switching. Moreover, magnetic field-free perpendicular magnetization switching caused by SOT and its switching polarity (clockwise or counterclockwise) can be reversibly controlled in the IrMn/Co/Ru/CoPt heterojunctions based on the exchange bias and interlayer exchange coupling. This unique composition gradient approach accompanied with electrically controllable SOT magnetization switching provides a promising strategy to access energy-efficient control of memory and logic devices.
A major challenge of spintronics is achieving magnetic field free electrical control of magnetisation. Here, Xie et al. achieve perpendicular magnetisation switching in a CoPt alloy, breaking inversion symmetry by varying the composition of the alloy in the growth direction.
Journal Article
Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Emotional Well-Being during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in China
We aimed to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 lock down on lifestyle in China during the initial stage of the pandemic. A questionnaire was distributed to Chinese adults living in 31 provinces of China via the internet using a snowball sampling strategy. Information on 7-day physical activity recall, screen time, and emotional state were collected between January 24 and February 2, 2020. ANOVA, χ² test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. 12,107 participants aged 18–80 years were included. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, nearly 60% of Chinese adults had inadequate physical activity (95% CI 56.6%–58.3%), which was more than twice the global prevalence (27.5%, 25.0%–32.2%). Their mean screen time was more than 4 hours per day while staying at home (261.3 ± 189.8 min per day), and the longest screen time was found in young adults (305.6 ± 217.5 min per day). We found a positive and significant correlation between provincial proportions of confirmed COVID-19 cases and negative affect scores (r = 0.501, p = 0.004). Individuals with vigorous physical activity appeared to have a better emotional state and less screen time than those with light physical activity. During this nationwide lockdown, more than half of Chinese adults temporarily adopted a sedentary lifestyle with insufficient physical activity, more screen time, and poor emotional state, which may carry considerable health risks. Promotion of home-based self-exercise can potentially help improve health and wellness.
Journal Article
Unveiling the gut-liver axis: the behind-the-scenes “manipulator” of human immune function
The “gut-liver axis” enables bidirectional immunoregulation between the intestine and the liver through the portal venous circulation, bile acid metabolism, and the neuro-lymphatic network. This paper reviews its physiological pathways (vascular, biliary, neural, and lymphatic), immunomodulatory mechanisms (interaction of innate/adaptive immune cells, balance between inflammation and tolerance), and associations with diseases such as PSC, MAFLD, and IBD. Metabolites of gut microbiota activate immune cell receptors to regulate the differentiation of Tregs, while cytokines (such as IL-6) and chemokines (such as CCR9) drive the synergy of gut-liver immunity. In pathological conditions, dysbiosis, endotoxin translocation, and bile acid metabolic disorders trigger immunological dysregulation through this axis. Strategies such as targeted fecal microbiota transplantation and bile acid receptor (FXR) agonists show clinical potential. This paper systematically elaborates on the physiological and immunoregulatory mechanisms of the “gut-liver axis”, explores the associations between its abnormalities and immune diseases, as well as the prospects of translational medicine. It is proposed that future research should deepen the analysis of single-cell interactions, conduct personalized interventions, and establish a new paradigm of “gut-liver axis medicine” to provide cross-organ solutions for the precise prevention and control of immune-related diseases.
Journal Article
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Sarcopenia in maintenance hemodialysis patients in Northeastern China
Sarcopenia is a severe complication affecting patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) treatment over an extended period of time. This cross-sectional study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards sarcopenia among maintenance HD patients in Northeastern China between 13 December 2023 and 13 January 2024. A total of 752 questionnaires were collected. Multivariate logistic regression showed that completed high school or vocational secondary school, college or bachelor’s degree, and maintenance HD lasting
≥
11 years were independently associated with proactive practice. The Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that knowledge directly affected attitude and practice. Moreover, attitude directly affects practice. Maintenance HD patients showed inadequate knowledge, positive attitude, and proactive practice towards sarcopenia. Healthcare providers should focus on educational campaigns to increase patient awareness of sarcopenia, its risk factors, and preventive measures.
Journal Article
Related factors of quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background
Diabetes is a chronic disease, and it could affect both health and quality of life (QOL). A lot of studies have reported some predictors of QOL of type 2 diabetes patients. While their results were not completely consistent. So the aim of our study was finding out the related factors (including characteristics related to the disease, life styles and mental health factors) of QOL of type 2 diabetes patients.
Methods
We searched Cochrane library, EmBase, PubMed and CNKI databases for published studies that evaluated the related factors of QOL of type 2 diabetes patients by using a proper statistic method and had effect sizes (
OR
or
β
) and 95% confidence intervals from January 1st 2000 to May 31st 2016. Any study types were acceptable, and we excluded the reviews, letters, editorials and pooled analyses. The data were analyzed using STATA software (Version 12.0; Stata Corporation). Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the relationship between these factors and QOL.
Results
Eighteen studies were included into our systematic review and meta-analysis, totaling 57,109 type 2 diabetes patients. Do more physical exercises (The pooled ORs ranged from 0.635 to 0.825 for different scales, less than 1.00), glucose check more frequently [pooled OR (95%CI): 0.175 (0.041, 0.756)] were associated with a better QOL. Presence of complications (The pooled ORs ranged from 1.462 to 3.038 for different scales, more than 1.00), presence of hypertension [pooled OR (95%CI): 1.389 (1.173, 1644)], longer duration of diabetes [pooled OR (95%CI): 1.865 (1.088, 3.197)], diet with more red meat [pooled OR (95%CI): 2.085 (1.063, 4.089)] and depression (The pooled ORs ranged from 3.003 to 11.473 for different scales, higher than 1.00) were associated with a worse QOL.
Conclusion
The results of this study show that physical exercise, glucose check frequently, complications, hypertension, duration of diabetes, diet with more red meat, and depression were associated with the QOL of type 2 diabetes patients.
Journal Article
Maximum oxygen consumption and quantification of exercise intensity in untrained male Wistar rats
This study aimed to explore a valid test protocol for measuring VO
2max
in healthy untrained male Wistar rats of different ages and quantifying the exercise intensity (%VO
2max
) of running under different treadmill grades and speeds. The test protocols and %VO
2max
will provide a reference for the design of exercise intensity. We tested male Wistar rats aged 4 weeks, 10 weeks, 10 months and 16 months old with three test protocols (Procedure 1 [P1], 2 [P2] and 3 [P3]) for each age group to quantify VO
2max
. We analysed VO
2max
, respiratory exchange ratio and test duration to determine an optimal test protocol of VO
2max
for different age groups. We used the optimal test protocol to explore the changes in age-related VO
2max
. Finally, %VO
2max
of running under different treadmill speeds and grades was quantified. VO
2max
of Wistar rats decreased significantly after the age of 4 weeks (
p
< 0.05). The optimum VO
2max
can be induced by personalised protocols for different ages. In 4-week-old Wistar rats, the highest VO
2max
values were attained by P1 (104.4 ± 6.9 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
,
p
= 0.032). The highest VO
2max
value (84.7 ± 3.7 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
,
p
= 0.037) of 8-week-old Wistar rats was attained in P2. In 10-month-old Wistar rats, the highest VO
2max
value was obtained in P3 (63.3 ± 1.7 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
). This work could be used as a reference for assessing aerobic capacity in studies on exercise intervention with untrained male Wistar rats. However, the %VO
2max
measurements at various treadmill speeds and grades only apply to untrained male Wistar rats.
Journal Article
Machine learning and multi-omics data reveal driver gene-based molecular subtypes in hepatocellular carcinoma for precision treatment
The heterogeneity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) poses a barrier to effective treatment. Stratifying highly heterogeneous HCC into molecular subtypes with similar features is crucial for personalized anti-tumor therapies. Although driver genes play pivotal roles in cancer progression, their potential in HCC subtyping has been largely overlooked. This study aims to utilize driver genes to construct HCC subtype models and unravel their molecular mechanisms. Utilizing a novel computational framework, we expanded the initially identified 96 driver genes to 1192 based on mutational aspects and an additional 233 considering driver dysregulation. These genes were subsequently employed as stratification markers for further analyses. A novel multi-omics subtype classification algorithm was developed, leveraging mutation and expression data of the identified stratification genes. This algorithm successfully categorized HCC into two distinct subtypes, CLASS A and CLASS B, demonstrating significant differences in survival outcomes. Integrating multi-omics and single-cell data unveiled substantial distinctions between these subtypes regarding transcriptomics, mutations, copy number variations, and epigenomics. Moreover, our prognostic model exhibited excellent predictive performance in training and external validation cohorts. Finally, a 10-gene classification model for these subtypes identified TTK as a promising therapeutic target with robust classification capabilities. This comprehensive study provides a novel perspective on HCC stratification, offering crucial insights for a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis and the development of promising treatment strategies.
Journal Article
Degradation of tetracycline by a novel MIL-101(Fe)/TiO2 composite with persulfate
An effective catalyst of MIL-101(Fe)/TiO
2
composite was synthesized by solvothermal method. The resultant MIL-101(Fe)/TiO
2
was used for advanced oxidation degradation of tetracycline (TC) for the first time. The results indicated that the MIL-101(Fe)/TiO
2
showed higher TC degradation efficiency than pure MIL-101(Fe) or TiO
2
with the persulfate. Using 1 g L
−1
MIL-101(Fe)/TiO
2
and persulfate at pH 7, 90.15% degradation rate was achieved under xenon lamp irradiation in 5 min for 20 mg L
−1
TC. TiO
2
introduced in the composite played an important role in the degradation process, in which TiO
2
had a synergetic effect with Fe
3+
to generate Fe
2+
, Ti
3+
and radicals. Fe
2+
reacted with persulfate to produce Fe
3+
and a number of
·
OH to degrade TC. This reaction process was so fast that MIL-101(Fe)/TiO
2
with persulfate could degrade TC fairly rapidly. A novel TiO
2
-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) composite was more efficient for degrading pharmaceutical wastewater.
Journal Article