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The high-affinity K + transporter (HAK) family plays a vital role in K + uptake and transport as well as in salt and drought stress responses. In the present study, we identified 22 HAK genes in each Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa genome. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these HAK proteins could be divided into four clades, and the members of the same subgroup share similar gene structure and conserved motifs. Many cis -acting elements related with defense and stress were found in their promoter region. In addition, gene expression profiles analyzed with genechip and transcriptome data showed that these HAK genes exhibited distinct expression pattern in different tissues, and in response to salt and drought treatments. Furthermore, co-expression analysis showed that 6 homologous HAK hub gene pairs involved in direct network interactions. RT-qPCR verified that the expression level of six HAK gene pairs was induced by NaCl and mannitol treatment to different extents. In particular, MtHK2 / 7 / 12 from M. truncatula and MsHAK2 / 6 / 7 from M. sativa were highly induced. The expression level of MsHAK1 / 2 / 11 determined by RT-qPCR showed significantly positive correlation with transcriptome data. In conclusion, our study shows that HAK genes play a key role in response to various abiotic stresses in Medicago , and the highly inducible candidate HAK genes could be used for further functional studies and molecular breeding in Medicago .

Nanorubber/epoxy composites containing 0, 2, 6 and 10 ​wt% nanorubber are subjected to uniaxial compression over a wide range of strain rate from 8 ​× ​10−4 s−1 to ∼2 ​× ​104 s−1. Unexpectedly, their strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening index increase with increasing nanorubber content. Potential mechanisms are proposed based on numerical simulations using a unit cell model. An increase in the strain rate sensitivity with increasing nanorubber content results from the fact that the nanorubber becomes less incompressible at high strain, generating a higher hydro-static pressure. Adiabatic shear localization starts to occur in the epoxy under a strain rate of 22,000 s−1 when the strain exceeds 0.35. The presence of nanorubber in the epoxy reduces adiabatic shear localization by preventing it from propagating.

Medicago falcata L. is an important legume forage grass with strong drought resistant, which could be utilized as an important gene pool in molecular breed of forage grass. In this study, M. falcata seedlings were treated with 400 mM mannitol to simulate drought stress, and the morphological and physiological changes were investigated, as well as the transcriptome changes of M. falcata seedlings at different treatment time points (0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h). Transcriptome analyses revealed four modules were closely related with drought response in M. falcata by WGCNA analysis, and four ERF transcription factor genes related with drought stress were identified ( MfERF053 , MfERF9 , MfERF034 and MfRAP2.1 ). Among them, MfERF053 was highly expressed in roots, and MfERF053 protein showed transcriptional activation activity by transient expression in tobacco leaves. Overexpression of MfERF053 in Arabidopsis improved root growth, number of lateral roots and fresh weight under drought, salt stress and exogenous ABA treatments. Transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing MfERF053 gene grew significantly better than the wild type under both drought stress and salt stress when grown in soil. Taken together, our strategy with transcriptome combined WGCNA analyses identified key transcription factor genes from M. falcata , and the selected MfERF053 gene was verified to be able to enhance drought and salt resistance when over-expressed in Arabidopsis .

Bromus biebersteinii is a perennial gramineous grass, which is mainly distributed in Southwest Asia. In our study, we obtained the complete chloroplast genome of B. biebersteinii and found it is 137,189 bp in length. The GC content of its whole chloroplast genome is 38.37%. Among the 134 unique genes in the circular genome, 38 tRNA, 8 rRNA and 88 protein-coding genes were successfully annotated. We constructed the Maximum likelihood (ML) tree with 12 species, and found that B. biebersteinii was phylogenetically close to Bromus vulgaris of the genus Bromus.

Agropyron pectinatum is a perennial forage widely cultivated in China, and it belongs to the Gramineous family. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of A. pectinatum. The whole chloroplast genome of A. pectinatum is 135,041 bp in length, comprising a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (20,821 bp) that are separated by a large single copy (LSC) region (80,632 bp) and a small single copy (SSC) region (12,767 bp). The chloroplast genome of A. pectinatum contains 133 genes, and 87 of them are protein-coding genes, 38 are tRNA, and eight are rRNA genes. The chloroplast genome of A. pectinatum could provide valuable information for varieties identification and evolution of the Agropyron Gaertn.

Alopecurus pratensis L. is one of the most important fodder grasses distributed in sub-frigid regions of the world. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of A. pratensis was deciphered and is 136,157 bp in length. The genome includes a large single-copy region of 80,275 bp, small single-copy region of 12,830 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 21,526 bp. The GC content of the complete chloroplast genome of A. pratensis is 38.30%. Among the 134 unique genes in the circular genome, 38 tRNA, eight rRNA, and 88 protein-coding genes were annotated. We constructed the Maximum likelihood (ML) tree with 13 species from the Poaceae and found that A. pratensis was phylogenetically related to A. arundinaceus. The published A. pratensis chloroplast genome will provide useful information for phylogenetic and evolutionary study of the genus Alopecurus in the Poaceae.

Agropyron desertorum is one of the most important fodder grasses which distributes in the temperate regions of the world. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of A. desertorum was sequenced. The genome was 135,459 bp in length, with a large single-copy region of 79,617 bp, a small single-copy region of 12,760 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 21,541 bp. The genome consisted of 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The GC contents was 38.32%. We constructed the Maximum likelihood (ML) tree with 13 species from the Hordeinae genus, and concluded that A. desertorum was closely related to plant species of the Elymus genus in the phylogenetic tree.

Galega officinalis L. is a perennial herb of the Fabaceae family. The flowers of G. officinalis L. are colorful and suitable for ornamental purposes. It can be used as a food complement for animals and humans, and it could promote lactation in animals and humans. In this study, we obtained the complete chloroplast genome of G. officinalis L. and found it is 125,086 bp in length. The GC content of this genome is 34.18%. Among the 112 unique genes in the chloroplast genome of G. officinalis L., 30 tRNA, 4 rRNA and 78 protein-coding genes were successfully annotated. We constructed the maximum likelihood (ML) tree with 26 species, and concluded that G. officinalis is phylogenetically closely related to the genus of Cicer, Glycine and Desmodium.

Cell motility plays an essential role in many biological processes as cells move and interact within their local microenvironments. Current methods for quantifying cell motility typically involve tracking individual cells over time, but the results are often presented as averaged values across cell populations. While informative, these ensemble approaches have limitations in assessing cellular heterogeneity and identifying generalizable patterns of single‐cell behaviors, at baseline and in response to perturbations. In this study, CaMI is introduced, a computational framework designed to leverage the single‐cell nature of motility data. CaMI identifies and classifies distinct spatio‐temporal behaviors of individual cells, enabling robust classification of single‐cell motility patterns in a large dataset (n = 74 253 cells). This framework allows quantification of spatial and temporal heterogeneities, determination of single‐cell motility behaviors across various biological conditions and provides a visualization scheme for direct interpretation of dynamic cell behaviors. Importantly, CaMI reveals insights that conventional cell motility analyses may overlook, showcasing its utility in uncovering robust biological insights. Together, a multivariate framework is presented to classify emergent patterns of single‐cell motility, emphasizing the critical role of cellular heterogeneity in shaping cell behaviors across populations. Authors present CaMI, a novel computational framework designed to leverage single‐cell motility to deduce novel biological insights. CaMI identifies distinct spatio‐temporal behaviors of cells to enable robust classification of cell motility patterns. Furthermore, CaMI provides a means to directly compute cellular heterogeneity, quantify single‐cell behaviors across multiple conditions, and a visualization scheme for direct interpretation of emergent cell behaviors.

Enterprise social media (ESM) represents an emerging technological tool that may assist employees in navigating workplace uncertainties. The present study investigates the relationship between ESM affordances and individual creativity, framed within the context of affordance theory. The research develops a model that elucidates how four key ESM affordances—visibility, association, editability, and persistence—affect creativity through three psychological conditions: psychological meaningfulness, availability, and safety. Utilizing primary data collected from 391 participants (226 male, 165 female) who engage with ESM in their professional environments. Specifically, the outcomes illustrated that visibility and association affordance are positively connected to psychological meaningfulness and availability, but have no relation with psychological safety. Affordance of Persistence is significantly related to psychological safety, and has an insignificant relation with psychological meaningfulness, and availability. Affordance of editability is significantly related to psychological meaningfulness, meaningfulness, availability, and psychological safety. Furthermore, results indicate that psychological meaningfulness, availability, and psychological safety have a significant influence on worker creativity. The current study advances the prior ESM literature by exploring the causes and implications of employee psychological states in the contexts of ESM and creativity.