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Phytoplankton blooms above the seamount Maud Rise in the Antarctic Ocean have been reported but their emerging mechanisms and their importance for the wider Southern Ocean are not well known. We use satellite data spanning over the last two  decades and in-situ data collected from a ship, an underwater glider and Biogeochemical-Argo profiling floats to understand the processes involved in the formation of Maud Rise phytoplankton blooms. We find that the seamount generates upwelling of warm deep water that transports heat, and likely dissolved iron, to the surface via diapycnal mixing. This creates a recurring annular structure of chlorophyll concentration (or chlorophyll halo) in correspondence with the previously observed warm water and sea ice halo over Maud Rise. The in-situ observations reveal integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations of up to 100 mg·m −2 , which suggests exceptionally high phytoplankton biomass within the Southern Ocean, thus making the seamount a regional phytoplankton hotspot. Annular phytoplankton blooms over the seamount Maud Rise in the Antarctic Ocean are linked with the presence of heat and dissolved iron upwelled from the deep sea through interactions between the ocean circulation and the topography of the seamount.

Multicellularity has emerged in the three branches of the tree of life. The formation of simple multicellular entities can either result from cells aggregating or staying together after mitosis. However, it is not yet fully understood how, once formed, these simple multicellular entities could be maintained or even selected for. Here, using the ace2 yeast snowflake model of simple multicellularity, we aimed at identifying genetic conditions favoring its maintenance. Growth-competition experiments revealed that, while the ace2 mutation by itself does not provide any fitness advantage or disadvantage, the ace2 snowflakes were strongly selected when combined with conditions affecting regulators of the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, such as Cln3 or Whi5. We show that this selection results from a faster exit from quiescence of the ace2 snowflake cells. Importantly, this advantage is not dependent on the multicellular phenotype, but rather on the ace2 genotype itself. We found that the ace2 selective advantage in the cln3 background fully depends on the KSS1 gene, a target of the Ace2 transcription factor. Finally, we show that phenotypes observed for ace2 mutants are phenocopied by the AMN1 368D allelic form found in ‘non-laboratory’ yeast strains, hence adding physiological relevance to these observations. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that simple multicellularity could, in some cases, persist, not because it provides a direct selective advantage due to multicellularity itself, but rather as a ‘passenger’ phenotype that is maintained alongside other selected traits.

In this trial, patients with stroke or TIA and atherosclerosis who received a statin with or without ezetimibe were randomly assigned to an LDL cholesterol target of less than 70 mg per deciliter or to a target range of 90 to 110 mg per deciliter. At a median follow-up of 3.5 years, the incidence of a composite cardiovascular end point was 12% lower in the lower-target group than in the higher-target group. The incidence of cerebral hemorrhage did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Multicellularity has emerged in the three branches of the tree of life. The formation of simple multicellular entities can either result from cells aggregating or staying together after mitosis. However, it is not yet fully understood how, once formed, these simple multicellular entities could be maintained or even selected for. Here, using the ace2 yeast snowflake model of simple multicellularity, we aimed at identifying genetic conditions favoring its maintenance. Growth-competition experiments revealed that, while the ace2 mutation by itself does not provide any fitness advantage or disadvantage, the ace2 snowflakes were strongly selected when combined with conditions affecting regulators of the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, such as Cln3 or Whi5. We show that this selection results from a faster exit from quiescence of the ace2 snowflake cells. Importantly, this advantage is not dependent on the multicellular phenotype, but rather on the ace2 genotype itself. We found that the ace2 selective advantage in the cln3 background fully depends on the KSS1 gene, a target of the Ace2 transcription factor. Finally, we show that phenotypes observed for ace2 mutants are phenocopied by the AMN1 368D allelic form found in ‘non-laboratory’ yeast strains, hence adding physiological relevance to these observations. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that simple multicellularity could, in some cases, persist, not because it provides a direct selective advantage due to multicellularity itself, but rather as a ‘passenger’ phenotype that is maintained alongside other selected traits.

Even though trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been demonstrated to interfere with atherosclerosis and diabetes pathophysiology, the association between TMAO and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) has not been specifically established in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined the association of plasma TMAO concentrations with MACE and all-cause mortality in a single-center prospective cohort of consecutively recruited patients with T2D. The study population consisted in 1463 SURDIENE participants (58% men), aged 65 ± 10 years. TMAO concentrations were significantly associated with diabetes duration, renal function, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) concentrations (R2 = 0.27) and were significantly higher in patients on metformin, even after adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): 6.7 (8.5) vs 8.5 (13.6) µmol/L, respectively (PeGFR-adjusted = 0.0207). During follow-up (median duration [interquartile range], 85 [75] months), 403 MACE and 538 deaths were registered. MACE-free survival and all-cause mortality were significantly associated with the quartile distribution of TMAO concentrations, patients with the highest TMAO levels displaying the greatest risk of outcomes (P < 0.0001). In multivariate Cox models, compared with patients from the first 3 quartiles, those from the fourth quartile of TMAO concentration had an independently increased risk for MACE: adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR) 1.32 (1.02-1.70); P = 0.0325. Similarly, TMAO was significantly associated with mortality in multivariate analysis: adjHR 1.75 (1.17-2.09); P = 0.0124, but not when sTNFR1 and angiopoietin like 2 were considered: adjHR 1.16 (0.95-1.42); P = 0.1514. We revealed an association between higher TMAO concentrations and increased risk of MACE and all-cause mortality, thereby opening some avenues on the role of dysbiosis in cardiovascular risk, in T2D patients.

This study presents the principles of the new coupling interface based on the SURFEX multi-surface model and the OASIS3-MCT coupler. As SURFEX can be plugged into several atmospheric models, it can be used in a wide range of applications, from global and regional coupled climate systems to high-resolution numerical weather prediction systems or very fine-scale models dedicated to process studies. The objective of this development is to build and share a common structure for the atmosphere–surface coupling of all these applications, involving on the one hand atmospheric models and on the other hand ocean, ice, hydrology, and wave models. The numerical and physical principles of SURFEX interface between the different component models are described, and the different coupled systems in which the SURFEX OASIS3-MCT-based coupling interface is already implemented are presented.

BackgroundIdentifying significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (rLVEF) is essential for guiding therapeutic decisions, including medical management, device implantation and potential revascularisation. Prior studies suggested that rest cardiac MRI (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) could reliably detect significant CAD. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rest LGE-CMR for predicting significant CAD in rLVEF patients.MethodsIn this prospective, multicentre cohort study across 10 centres, adults with new-onset rLVEF≤45% without obvious cause were included. All patients underwent rest CMR and coronary angiography. Independent, blinded committees reviewed images. Significant CAD was defined as ≥70% stenosis in major coronary arteries. Ischaemic scars were identified on CMR as subendocardial LGE. The primary outcome was the sensitivity of CMR in detecting significant CAD.ResultsAmong 380 patients (median age 63 years, 68% male), significant CAD was present in 49 (13%). CMR identified ischaemic scars in 106 (28%). The sensitivity of CMR for detecting significant CAD was 57% (95% CI: 43% to 71%), specificity 76% (95% CI: 72% to 81%), positive predictive value 26% (95% CI: 18% to 35%) and negative predictive value 92% (95% CI: 89% to 95%). A CMR-first strategy would have missed 43% of significant CAD cases, many requiring revascularisation (86% of missed cases).ConclusionsIn this large, prospective multicentre study with independent image review, rest LGE-CMR demonstrated limited sensitivity for detecting significant CAD in patients with rLVEF. Relying solely on CMR could lead to missed diagnoses and undertreatment. CMR should be integrated with other diagnostic tools to optimise care in this population.Trial registration number NCT03231189.

Background Heart failure (HF) is a growing complication and one of the leading causes of mortality in people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Among the possible causes, the excess of red meat and the insufficiency of vegetables consumption are suspected. Such an alimentation is associated with nutritional biomarkers, including trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) and its precursors. Here, we aimed to study these biomarkers as potential prognostic factors for HF in patients with T2D. Methods We used the SURDIAGENE (SURvival DIAbetes and GENEtics) study, a large, prospective, monocentric cohort study including 1468 patients with T2D between 2001 and 2012. TMAO and its precursors (trimethylamine [TMA], betaine, choline, and carnitine) as well as thio-amino-acids (cysteine, homocysteine and methionine) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The main outcome was HF requiring Hospitalization (HFrH) defined as the first occurrence of acute HF leading to hospitalization and/or death, established by an adjudication committee, based on hospital records until 31st December 2015. The secondary outcomes were the composite event HFrH and/or cardiovascular death and all-cause death. The association between the biomarkers and the outcomes was studied using cause-specific hazard-models, adjusted for age, sex, history of coronary artery disease, NT-proBNP, CKD-EPI-derived eGFR and the urine albumin/creatinine ratio. Hazard-ratios (HR) are expressed for one standard deviation. Results The data of interest were available for 1349/1468 of SURDIAGENE participants (91.9%), including 569 (42.2%) women, with a mean age of 64.3 ± 10.7 years and a median follow-up of 7.3 years [25th–75th percentile, 4.7–10.8]. HFrH was reported in 209 patients (15.5%), HFrH and/or cardiovascular death in 341 (25.3%) and all-cause death in 447 (33.1%). In unadjusted hazard-models, carnitine (HR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.05; 1.37]), betaine (HR = 1.34, [1.20; 1.50]), choline (HR = 1.35, [1.20; 1.52]), TMAO (HR = 1.32, [1.16; 1.50]), cysteine (HR = 1.38, [1.21; 1.58]) and homocysteine (HR = 1.28, [1.17; 1.39]) were associated with HFrH, but not TMA and methionine. In the fully adjusted models, none of these associations was significant, neither for HFrH nor for HFrH and/or CV death, when homocysteine only was positively associated with all-cause death (HR = 1.16, [1.06; 1.27]). Conclusions TMAO and its precursors do not appear to be substantial prognosis factors for HFrH, beyond usual cardiac- and kidney-related risk factors, whereas homocysteine is an independent risk factor for all-cause death in patients with T2D.

International audience

In the coming years, GSE aims to continue to consolidate its position as a leader in the field of animal genetics by supporting pioneering contributions, including the following areas: * The sequencing of entire genomes will be systematic and on a very large scale. [...]we will have access to very large designs and datasets to analyze the genetic architecture of traits and build more universal prediction models than the current genomic prediction models that are primarily valid only within a population. * To better target genetic variants of interest and predict their interactions, statistical models for analysis of quantitative traits will be extended to integrate more biological information, which often consists of heterogeneous data, in particular, biological, functional, or more generally “Omics” data. Future studies will show whether these two sources can improve the prediction of quantitative phenotypes and measure similarity between individuals. * The availability of large amounts of phenotypes (thousands or more per animal), e.g., spectra (in milk, blood, etc.), automatic feed consumption recording, kynetics (with accelerometers), milk flow in milking robots, imaging data for animal tracking and behavior, GPS data and pregnancy test outcomes in cattle raised in extensive conditions, abattoir measurements of carcass quality, etc., will foster the need to develop new analytical methods for precision farming. * To date, animal genetics has relied mainly on the characterization and use of the natural genetic variation that exists in populations. Rather than searching for the best genotype to be disseminated in all the environments, we must identify robust genotypes that are adapted to each environment by better understanding, predicting, and capitalizing on genotype × environment interactions. * While it was initially hoped that genomic selection would provide a means of better managing diversity, it appears that this is not always the case and that biodiversity may be faced with faster erosion. [...]new approaches are needed to address the long-standing issue of the trade-off between selection and management of diversity. GSE’s editorial board GSE’s editors in chief since 1969 * Jean-Jacques Lauvergne (1969–1982) * Jean-Louis Foulley (1983–1985) * Jacqueline Vu Tien Khang (1986–1988) * Claude Chevalet (1989–1990) * Louis Ollivier (1991–1996) * Jean-Jacques Colleau (1997–1999) * Francis Minvielle (2000–2005) * Hélène Hayes (from 2006) * Philippe Baret (2006–2011) * Didier Boichard (from 2010) * Jack CM Dekkers (from 2012) * Julius HJ van der Werf (from 2015) Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief * Dr. Didier Boichard, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France * Prof. Jack Dekkers, Iowa State University, United States of America * Dr. Helene Hayes, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France * Prof. Julius van der Werf, University of New England, Australia Associate Editors * Prof. Paolo Ajmone Marsan, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Italy * Prof. Jörn Bennewitz, University Hohenheim, Germany * Prof. Henk Bovenhuis, Wageningen University, Netherlands * Prof. Armando Caballero, Universidad de Vigo, Spain * Prof. Mario Calus, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Netherlands * Prof. Rodolfo Cantet, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina * Dr. Hans D Daetwyler, La Trobe University, Australia * Prof. Andrea Doeschl-Wilson, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK * Dr. Vincent Ducrocq, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France * Dr. Frederic Farnir, University of Liege, Belgium * Prof. Martien Groenen, Wageningen University, Netherlands * Prof. Bernt Guldbrandtsen, Aarhus University, Denmark * Prof. Lusheng Huang, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China * Prof. Dr. Christa Kuehn, Farm Animal Biology Dummerstorf, Germany * Dr. Andres Legarra, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France * Dr. Ricardo Pong-Wong, The Roslin Institute, UK * Dr. Bertrand Servin, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France * Dr. Tad Sonstegard, Recombinetics, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA * Prof. Ismo Strandén, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Finland * Dr. Toni Reverter, CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Australia * Dr. Daniel Vaiman, INSERM, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, France * Dr. Roger Vallejo, ARS National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USA * Dr. Alain Vignal, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France *