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Compute-in-Memory (CIM) offers an efficient approach for accelerating DNNs by performing matrix–vector multiplications directly within memory. However, its adoption in edge devices is limited by unstable power supplies and the performance overhead of conventional row- or column-wise computing. This paper presents a two-directional CIM-based nvSRAM cell that performs both row- and column-wise operations, enabling faster and more efficient matrix–vector multiplication. The proposed design stores the CIM outputs within the same computation cycle, referred to as Simultaneous Compute and Write (SCW), thereby reducing latency during complex neural network inference. By integrating a single I-MTJ into each SRAM cell, it also provides reliable data retention and restoration during power failures, making it well-suited for low-power, energy-constrained edge applications. Post-layout simulations were conducted to evaluate the proposed architecture. The detailed post-layout simulation results demonstrate a 31% improvement in write margin, a 40% reduction in PDP in memory mode, and an 85% reduction in energy in backup scenarios, compared to state-of-the-art designs. Furthermore, the proposed design achieves a 39.2% EDP reduction during neural network inference operation under power instability, highlighting its suitability for low-power edge computing.

This paper introduces a 10T single-ended SRAM cell with high stability and low static power. The read static noise margin is augmented by using a Schmitt-trigger inverter and decoupling the storage node from the read bitline by adding one transistor. Since writing “1” is difficult in single-ended SRAM cells, using proper capacitive coupling and also extra pMOS transistor as an access transistor mitigates the problem. To evaluate read, write, and hold yields, we performed 10,000 Monto Carlo simulations in the 32-nm technology, and the results show our cell has 7.5×, 1.4×, and 1.1 × more yields than that of the conventional 6T SRAM cell. The proposed cell also has the least static power consumption. This amount is 1.5× less than the conventional 6T at the supply voltage of 0.5 V.

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) raises blood pressure and can reduce kidney function. Revascularization of the stenotic renal artery alone does not restore renal medullary structure and function. This study tested the hypothesis that addition of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) can restore stenotic-kidney medullary tubular transport function and attenuate its remodeling. Twenty-seven swine were divided into three ARAS (high-cholesterol diet and renal artery stenosis) and a normal control group. Six weeks after ARAS induction, two groups were treated with PTRA alone or PTRA supplemented with adipose-tissue-derived MSC (10 × 10(6) cells intra-renal). Multi-detector computed tomography and blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI studies were performed 4 weeks later to assess kidney hemodynamics and function, and tissue collected a few days later for histology and micro-CT imaging. PTRA effectively decreased blood pressure, yet medullary vascular density remained low. Addition of MSC improved medullary vascularization in ARAS+PTRA+MSC and increased angiogenic signaling, including protein expression of vascular endothelial growth-factor, its receptor (FLK-1), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. ARAS+PTRA+MSC also showed attenuated inflammation, although oxidative-stress remained elevated. BOLD-MRI indicated that MSC normalized oxygen-dependent tubular response to furosemide (-4.3 ± 0.9, -0.1 ± 0.4, -1.6 ± 0.9 and -3.6 ± 1.0 s(-1) in Normal, ARAS, ARAS+PTRA and ARAS+PTRA+MSC, respectively, p<0.05), which correlated with a decrease in medullary tubular injury score (R(2) = 0.33, p = 0.02). Therefore, adjunctive MSC delivery in addition to PTRA reduces inflammation, fibrogenesis and vascular remodeling, and restores oxygen-dependent tubular function in the stenotic-kidney medulla, although additional interventions might be required to reduce oxidative-stress. This study supports development of cell-based strategies for renal protection in ARAS.

The rapid growth in computing and data transmission has significant energy and environmental implications. While there is considerable interest in waste heat emission and reuse in commercial data centers, opportunities in academic data centers remain largely unexplored. In this study, real-time onsite waste heat data were collected from a typical academic data center and an analysis framework was developed to determine the quality and quantity of waste heat that can be contained for reuse. In the absence of a comprehensive computer room monitoring system, real-time thermal data were collected from the data center using two arrays of thermometers and thermo-anemometers in the server room. Additionally, a computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate temperature distribution and identify “hot spots” in the server room. By simulating modification of the server room with a hot air containment system, the return air temperature increased from 23 to 46 °C and the annual waste heat energy increased from 377 to 2004 MWh. Our study emphasizes the importance of containing waste heat so that it can be available for reuse, and also, that reusing the waste heat has value in not releasing it to the environment.

Objective This umbrella review was conducted to assess the certainty and validity of all available meta-analyses for intervention trials regarding the impact of synbiotic and probiotic interventions in hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay durations, as well as postoperative mortality risk among patients undergoing surgery. Methods A comprehensive systematic search was performed by applying Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library until July 20, 2025. Meta-analyses were used to evaluate the effect of synbiotic and probiotic interventions among hospital and ICU stay durations, as well as the postoperative mortality risk in patients undergoing surgery. Effect sizes of synbiotic and probiotic interventions were recalculated by using a random effects model, and the GRADE tool was used to determine evidence certainty. Results Forty-eight clinical trials involving 6,378 participants (intervention = 3151; placebo = 3227) across thirty meta-analyses were included in this study. The findings indicated that probiotic supplementation (vs. placebo) significantly reduced the duration of hospital stay [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): –1.00 days; 95% CI: –1.37 to –0.64; I 2  = 63.1%; moderate certainty of evidence; P < 0.001; n = 22] among patients undergoing surgery. Synbiotic supplementation showed even greater efficacy, reducing the length of hospital stay by a larger margin (WMD: –2.57 days; 95% CI: –4.51 to –0.64; I 2  = 83.2%; moderate certainty of evidence; P = 0.009; n = 19). Moreover, the results suggested that synbiotic supplementation did not affect the length of ICU stay. The results indicated that the risk of postoperative mortality did not significantly change after probiotic or synbiotic supplementation (vs. placebo) among patients undergoing surgery. Conclusion The current review supports the efficacy of synbiotic and probiotic supplementation on decreasing the length of hospital stay in patients undergoing surgery. However, it is important to note that 42.3% of included systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) were rated as 'critically low' quality using the AMSTAR2 tool, which necessitates cautious interpretation of findings.

The incidence of menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes and sleep disturbance, caused by drug treatment is a common problem in breast cancer survivors. Considering the limitations of hormone therapy in such patients, several studies have been conducted to find alternative methods. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of stellate ganglion block (SGB) with that of paroxetine, which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medicine for the treatment of hot flashes and ensuing sleep disturbance. A total of 40 patients survived from breast cancer and complaining of these symptoms were equally assigned to two groups of 20 each. In the study group, SGB was performed successfully under sonography guidance using 10 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine, and in the control group (paroxetine), the daily administration of 7.5 mg of paroxetine was conducted for 6 weeks. The frequency and severity of hot flash attacks and sleep quality of patients were evaluated prior to the intervention and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The incidence of adverse events during treatment or follow-up was recorded. A significant decrease in hot flash score and sleep disturbance index (SDI) was observed in both groups. Comparison of the results showed no noticeable difference between the two groups. Two participants in the control group had discontinued medication due to gastrointestinal symptoms, and only one case of mild headache was reported in the study group. SGB is as much effective as paroxetine in controlling hot flashes and sleep disturbances in breast cancer survivors and is associated with few complications.

On the evening of 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano 1 unleashed a violent underwater eruption, blanketing the surrounding land masses in ash and debris 2 , 3 . The eruption generated tsunamis observed around the world. An event of this type last occurred in 1883 during the eruption of Krakatau 4 , and thus we have the first observations of a tsunami from a large emergent volcanic eruption captured with modern instrumentation. Here we show that the explosive eruption generated waves through multiple mechanisms, including: (1) air–sea coupling with the initial and powerful shock wave radiating out from the explosion in the immediate vicinity of the eruption; (2) collapse of the water cavity created by the underwater explosion; and (3) air–sea coupling with the air-pressure pulse that circled the Earth several times, leading to a global tsunami. In the near field, tsunami impacts are strongly controlled by the water-cavity source whereas the far-field tsunami, which was unusually persistent, can be largely described by the air-pressure pulse mechanism. Catastrophic damage in some harbours in the far field was averted by just tens of centimetres, implying that a modest sea level rise combined with a future, similar event would lead to a step-function increase in impacts on infrastructure. Piecing together the complexity of this event has broad implications for coastal hazards in similar geophysical settings, suggesting a currently neglected source of global tsunamis. January 2022 saw the first observations of a tsunami resulting from a large emergent volcanic eruption (Hunga Tonga) captured using modern instrumentation, with broad implications for hazard management in similar geophysical settings.

The technology development, combined with chip size reductions, has significantly increased power density. Furthermore, the power limitation in portable devices has increased the importance of power consumption considerably. Approximate computing as an emerging paradigm leverages the error resiliency of applications to decrease power consumption. In this paper, we propose four approximate 4:2 compressors. We utilize the gate diffusion input to achieve significant area reduction in the proposed compressors. Afterward, we employ these compressors in the structure of Dadda multipliers. Compared to the state-of-the-art works, the proposed compressors result in, on average, 45% and 42% higher accuracy and lower area, respectively. Circuit simulations were carried out at a 32-nm carbon nanotube field-effect transistor technology node by HSPICE. The comparisons between our proposed compressors and exact compressor indicate that there has been an average improvement of 55%, 60% and 46% in the number of transistors, power consumption, and delay, respectively. In addition, the proposed multipliers were used in three image processing applications, including image multiplication, sharpening, and smoothing. The results show up to 46% and 70% improvement in the mean structure similarity index metric and peak signal-to-noise ratio compared to the state-of-the-art.

Gelatin-chitosan-based (GL-CS) functional films were synthesized by incorporating a nanoemulsion (NE) containing the essential oil (EO) of Satureja kermanshahensis Jamzad , commonly referred to as “ Marzeh Kermanshahi ” (MK) in Persian. These films also incorporated different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) of carbon dots (CDs) derived from citric acid and urea. The physical, mechanical, optical, structural, and barrier characteristics, alongside the assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of the resultant films, were thoroughly characterized and examined. The sizes of MK-EONE and CDs, as measured by a Zetasizer, were determined to be 118 nm and 1.2 nm, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the films indicated favorable compatibility between both polymers, MK-EONE, and 1% CD, with uniform dispersion within the polymer matrix. The composite film containing MK-EONE and 1% CD exhibited enhanced UV protection, mechanical properties, and glass transition temperature (T g ). However, certain characteristics, such as water solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP), hydrophobicity, and transparency, demonstrated a decrease. Furthermore, the films incorporating MK-EONE and CDs demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, assessed through the DPPH method, and potent antimicrobial effectiveness against foodborne pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , and Escherichia coli . Consequently, the GL-CS-MK-EONE-CDs film, characterized by its superior functional attributes, shows promise for applications in food packaging.

Grilled Balal, also known as Persian street corn, is a popular Iranian grilled food that is frequently consumed in Iran and some other Middle Eastern nations as a snack food. However, possible changes in chemistry or formation of chemical carcinogen, such as acrylamide (ACR), during the grilling of Balal can pose human health concerns. In the present study, the occurrence of ACR was determined in 40 grilled Balal samples collected from strategic places and local marketplaces in Kermanshah province, using liquid chromatography‐ mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Moreover, target hazard quotient (THQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were used to discover the human noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of ACR via Balal consumption in the studied population using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. ACR was recognized in all of the Balal samples studied, so that the mean concentration of ACR in Balal was determined as 407 ± 34 μ g/kg. Based on the performed noncarcinogenic risk assessment, the THQ value for ACR at the 95th percentile was calculated as 2.08E0, while THQ in the P (5% and 50%) were lower than the safe limit of 1. The ILCR of grilled Balal ACR also estimated for the studied population was significantly higher than the USEPA permitted ILCR value (ILCR > 1.00E‐5). Therefore, significant carcinogenic risk for the studied population due to consumption of Balal was observed. Additionally, the findings of sensitivity analysis, which was done to establish the most effective parameter in raising cancer and noncancer risk, revealed that the ACR concentration parameter (83.1%) had the highest influence on enhancing sensitivity.