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Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption
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Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption
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Journal Article
Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption
2022
Overview
On the evening of 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano
1
unleashed a violent underwater eruption, blanketing the surrounding land masses in ash and debris
2
,
3
. The eruption generated tsunamis observed around the world. An event of this type last occurred in 1883 during the eruption of Krakatau
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, and thus we have the first observations of a tsunami from a large emergent volcanic eruption captured with modern instrumentation. Here we show that the explosive eruption generated waves through multiple mechanisms, including: (1) air–sea coupling with the initial and powerful shock wave radiating out from the explosion in the immediate vicinity of the eruption; (2) collapse of the water cavity created by the underwater explosion; and (3) air–sea coupling with the air-pressure pulse that circled the Earth several times, leading to a global tsunami. In the near field, tsunami impacts are strongly controlled by the water-cavity source whereas the far-field tsunami, which was unusually persistent, can be largely described by the air-pressure pulse mechanism. Catastrophic damage in some harbours in the far field was averted by just tens of centimetres, implying that a modest sea level rise combined with a future, similar event would lead to a step-function increase in impacts on infrastructure. Piecing together the complexity of this event has broad implications for coastal hazards in similar geophysical settings, suggesting a currently neglected source of global tsunamis.
January 2022 saw the first observations of a tsunami resulting from a large emergent volcanic eruption (Hunga Tonga) captured using modern instrumentation, with broad implications for hazard management in similar geophysical settings.
