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"Eckert, Andreas"
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Physiological phenotyping of transpiration response to vapour pressure deficit in wheat
Background
Precision phenotyping of short-term transpiration response to environmental conditions and transpiration patterns throughout wheat development enables a better understanding of specific trait compositions that lead to improved transpiration efficiency. Transpiration and related traits were evaluated in a set of 79 winter wheat lines using the custom-built “DroughtSpotter XXL” facility. The 120 l plant growth containers implemented in this phenotyping platform enable gravimetric quantification of water use in real-time under semi-controlled, yet field-like conditions across the entire crop life cycle.
Results
The resulting high-resolution data enabled identification of significant developmental stage-specific variation for genotype rankings in transpiration efficiency. In addition, for all examined genotypes we identified the genotype-specific breakpoint in transpiration in response to increasing vapour pressure deficit, with breakpoints ranging between 2.75 and 4.1 kPa.
Conclusion
Continuous monitoring of transpiration efficiency and diurnal transpiration patterns enables identification of hidden, heritable genotypic variation for transpiration traits relevant for wheat under drought stress. Since the unique experimental setup mimics field-like growth conditions, the results of this study have good transferability to field conditions.
Journal Article
Genetic dissection of plant architecture reveals haplotypes controlling sink-related traits in oilseed rape under limited nitrogen fertilization
Background
Plant architecture and primary yield components strongly influence the sink strength for nitrogen in winter oilseed rape (
Brassica napus
). Their optimization can contribute substantially to enhance nitrogen utilization efficiency, reduce the nitrogen balance surplus and thus reduce negative side effects of oilseed rape cultivation. However, the genetic architecture of individual yield components is not sufficiently understood, and enhanced knowledge could accelerate breeding of more efficient varieties. Here, we manually assessed yield components and plant architectural traits in 323 experimental F1 hybrids derived from crosses between 162 father lines from a winter oilseed rape nested association mapping population and two different maternal testers.
Results
We observed significant genetic effects and differences between the two mothers for all traits. Although the mean number of siliques on side branches showed comparatively little variation, the F1 hybrids from the two different maternal testers differed greatly in their distribution of siliques on the side branches. On the sixth-lowest side branches from the base of the stem (level 6) the number of siliques was correlated with grain yield (
r
>0.3) and showed the highest heritability (h
2
= 0.289), while heritability for grain yield was h
2
= 0.414.
Conclusion
By dissecting the genetic architecture of relevant traits, we identified haplotype blocks associated with the regulation of silique number on individual side branches, explaining up to 8% of total phenotypic variation. For certain alleles of block b000301 on chromosome A10, we observed a strong influence on the number of siliques, which ranged from 10.5 to 43.69 for siliques on side branch levels 11–15 and from 56.36 to 107.24 for siliques on side branch levels 6–10. Important haplotype blocks affecting many subtraits simultaneously were found to overlap with QTL found in other studies, emphasizing their relevance for breeding.
Journal Article
Effect of a QTL on wheat chromosome 5B associated with enhanced root dry mass on transpiration and nitrogen uptake under contrasting drought scenarios in wheat
Background
A sufficient nitrogen supply is crucial for high-quality wheat yields. However, the use of nitrogen fertilization can also negatively influence ecosystems due to leaching or volatile atmospheric emissions. Drought events, increasingly prevalent in many crop production areas, significantly impact nitrogen uptake. Breeding more efficient wheat varieties is necessary to achieve acceptable yields with limited nitrogen and water. Crop root systems play a crucial role as the primary organ for absorbing water and nutrients. To investigate the impact of an enhanced root system on nitrogen and water use efficiency in wheat under various irrigation conditions, this study conducted two experiments using precision phenotyping platforms for controlled drought stress treatment. Experiment 1 involved four contrasting winter wheat genotypes. It included the Chinese variety Ning0604, carrying a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 5B associated with a higher root dry biomass, and three elite German varieties, Elixer, Genius, and Leandrus. Experiment 2 compared near-isogenic lines (NIL) of the three elite varieties, each containing introgressions of the QTL on chromosome 5B linked to root dry mass. In both experiments, nitrogen partitioning was tracked via isotope discrimination after fertilization with 5 Atom %
15
N-labeled KNO
3
−
.
Results
In experiment 1 the quantification by
15
N isotope discrimination revealed significantly (
p
< 0.05) higher nitrogen derived from fertilizer in the root organ for Ning0604 than those of the three German varieties. In experiment 2, two out of three NILs showed a significantly (
p
< 0.05) higher uptake of N derived from fertilizer than their respective recipient line under well-watered conditions. Furthermore, significantly lower transpiration rates (
p
< 0.1) were observed in one NIL compared to its respective recipient.
Conclusions
The combination of the
DroughtSpotter
facility coupled with
15
N tracer-based tracking of N uptake and remobilization extends the insight into the impact of genetically altered root biomass on wheat NUE and WUE under different water availability scenarios. The study shows the potential for how a modified genetic constitution of the locus on wheat chromosome 5B can reduce transpiration and enhance N uptake. The dependence of the observations on the recipient and water availability suggests a need for further research to investigate the interaction with genetic background traits.
Journal Article
50 Years of \Africa Spectrum\
This article offers a portrait of the journal Africa Spectrum (known through 2008 as Afrika Spectrum), which just celebrated its 50th birthday. The essay outlines both the political and institutional context of its founding and traces its major transformations in format and content. Africa Spectrum's metamorphosis also reflects significant changes and trends in African studies in Germany and beyond. One of the journal's main features has been its strong interdisciplinary character and its geographically wide coverage. Over the last decade, Africa Spectrum has successfully transformed itself from a mainly German enterprise into a highly visible international journal. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Porträt der Zeitschrift Africa Spectrum (bis einschließlich 2008 Afrika Spectrum) gezeichnet, gerade ihren 50. Jahrgang gefeiert hat. Der Autor beschreibt den politischen und institutionellen Kontext der Gründungsphase und verfolgt die wichtigsten Veränderungen in Inhalt und Format. Der Wandel der Zeitschrift reflektiert Entwicklungen und Trends der Afrikaforschung in Deutschland und darüber hinaus. Ein durchgehendes Charakteristdkum der Zeitschrift war ihr interdisziplinärer Ansatz und die große geographische Reichweite der Beiträge. Im letzten Jahrzehnt konnte sich Africa Spectrum erfolgreich von einem vor allem die deutsche Forschung reflektierenden Periodikum in eine global sichtbare und wahrgenommene internationale Zeitschrift für Afrikastudien entwickeln.
Journal Article
Pharmaceutical Innovations: Superior Position of the USA and Weaknesses of German Research
The innovative strength of research performance is often measured in terms of inputs such as research funds or outputs such as patent applications. We present a novel indicator of pharmaceutical innovativeness that focuses on global medical breakthroughs and associated patents. According to this indicator, US companies account for 55 % of global medical breakthroughs from 2010 to 2019, and their German competitors account for about 9 %. In terms of underlying anchor patents, the dominance of the US is even larger, at 62 %, while only 7 % of anchor patents come from Germany. US universities hold 3.8 % of all anchor patents; German universities hold none. The weakness of German universities cannot be compensated by German non-university research institutes.The innovative strength of research performance is often measured in terms of inputs such as research funds or outputs such as patent applications. We present a novel indicator of pharmaceutical innovativeness that focuses on global medical breakthroughs and associated patents. According to this indicator, US companies account for 55 % of global medical breakthroughs from 2010 to 2019, and their German competitors account for about 9 %. In terms of underlying anchor patents, the dominance of the US is even larger, at 62 %, while only 7 % of anchor patents come from Germany. US universities hold 3.8 % of all anchor patents; German universities hold none. The weakness of German universities cannot be compensated by German non-university research institutes.
Journal Article
Global Histories of Work
First title of the new series Work in Global and Historical Perspective that introduces the conceptual approach towards the field of global labour history through a collection of essays chosen by the editors.
eBook
Global Histories of Work
Global Histories of Work is the first title in the new series \"Work in Global and Historical Perspective\". This collection of selected articles written by leading scholars in different disciplines provides both an introduction and numerous insights into themes, debates and methods of Global Labour History as they have been developed over the last years. The contributions to the volume discuss crucial historiographical developments; present different professions that have gained new attention in the context of an emerging Global Labour History; critically engage the boundaries of \"free\" labour and the ambiguities contained in this concept; and take up and historicize current debates about \"informal labour\". Global Histories of Work will familiarize readers with a burgeoning fi eld of high academic, social, and political relevance.
eBook
Real‐world evidence for preventive effects of statins on cancer incidence: A trans‐Atlantic analysis
In vivo, we treated CRC xenografted SCID-beige mice with a human equivalent statin dose, which reduced MACC1 expression, tumour burden and metastasis formation (day 24; control vs. statin treatment p < .0001, Figure S2 and Figure 2). [...]at a molecular/mechanistic level, we provide experimental evidence that statins act, at least partly, by inhibiting transcription of the tumour-promoting and metastasis-inducing MACC1 gene. [...]we extended the RWE results by utilizing a clinical research platform (TriNetX) to access a large, international cohort of anonymized electronic health record (EHR) data (aggregate statistics only). [...]our study revealed strong evidence for cancer-preventive effects of statins in a large trans-Atlantic cohort, comprised of long-term statin users.
Journal Article
