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In the area of medical malpractice, no-fault has been offered as a response to the criticisms leveled against tort litigation for medical injuries. Five issues of no-fault are examined within the context of obstetrical malpractice.

Most major health reform proposals include reform of medical malpractice. A major objective of the current medical malpractice system is to improve quality of care. The authors examine the effect of variations in the threat of medical malpractice, measured by claims frequency and payments per exposure year, on various indicators of birth outcomes, fetal deaths, low Apgar score, death within 5 days of birth, infant death, and death or permanent impairment at 5 years of age. Data came from 2 sources: a Survey of Obstetrical Care of 963 women in Florida in 1992 who delivered 5 years previously; and a fetal death and a linked birth-death file obtained from Florida Vital Statistics for 1987. Among the outcomes considered, only fetal deaths decreased in response to an increased threat of being sued, and this relationship was only obtained from one of the data sets. Overall, no systematic improvement in birth outcomes in response to an increased threat of medical malpractice litigation was obtained.

In Arizona, an unstable man eluded instant background checks and bought a semiautomatic pistol and lethal ammo.

Allowing unimpeded rail traffic into Nazi death camps. Soldiers dressed in U.S. Army-issue uniforms in South Korea in 1950 during the communist invasion; their weapons are aimed at a long line of men, women and children standing in front of a ditch, prepared for death.

To the Editor: We were interested to see the report by Rosenberg et al. (Nov. 24 issue)* that attempted to relate the risk of congenital oral clefts to the use of diazepam in the first trimester of pregnancy. It strikes us that their choice of control group seriously compromises their conclusion that diazepam use is not associated with this specific congenital anomaly. Without a valid estimate of frequency of diazepam use in a control group of women who had normal babies, the best conclusion supported by their data is that diazepam is no more implicated in the production of clefts . . . No extract is available for articles shorter than 400 words.

One of the key issues separating US critics of a no-fault alternative to the tort system for compensating victims of medical injury from supporters is its anticipated cost. Results from a study are presented that estimate the costs of a no-fault system, one that is similar to the system now in operation in Sweden, within the context of the US health care system.

In this study, we assess practice changes made in response to the threat of tort liability in the field of obstetrics, which has one of the highest levels of premiums, claim frequency, and mean dollar value of paid claims. There is much \"conventional wisdom\" about effects of tort liability risk on obstetrical practice based on obstetricians' perceptions of changes that have occurred. Our data comes from the Survey of Obstetrical Care in 1992, a survey of 963 women who had given birth in 1987 in 31 counties in Florida conducted for purposes of this study and related studies of medical malpractice and birth outcomes. Our results suggest that some antenatal testing is responsive to variation in the threat of being used. But for most measures included in our study, half of the antenatal testing variables, the decision to perform a cesarean section, and various dimensions of maternal satisfaction with care, our empirical analysis failed to reveal that obstetricians practice more \"defensively\" in areas with relatively high suit rates.

Doing News Framing Analysis provides an interpretive guide to news frames – what they are, how they can be observed in news texts, and how framing effects are uncovered and substantiated in cultural, group, and individual sites. Chapters feature framing analysts reflecting on their own empirical work in research, classroom, and public settings to address specific aspects of framing analysis. Taken together, the collection covers the full range of ways in which framing has been theorized and applied—across topics, sources, mechanisms, and effects. This volume fosters understanding among the scholarly camps of framing scholars, and encourages greater clarity from framing analysts in all aspects of their empirical inquiry. Chapters offer fresh perspectives from which researchers can begin new research programs, puzzle through perplexing problems in a current research program, or expand an existing program. Providing conceptual and methodological guidance, Doing News Framing Analysis will help framing researchers at all levels to better understand news framing and to improve their future news framing research. Foreword by James N. Druckman 1. Doing News Framing Analysis -- Paul D’Angelo & Jim A. Kuypers Part 1: Perspectives on Frame Building and Frame Definition 2. Finding Frames in a Web of Culture: The Case of the War on Terror -- Stephen D. Reese 3. Knowledge Into Action: Framing the Debates Over Climate Change and Poverty -- Matthew C. Nisbet 4. Strategies to Take Subjectivity Out of Framing Analysis -- Baldwin Van Gorp 5. Of Spreading Activation, Applicability, and Schemas: Conceptual Distinctions and Their Operational Implications for Measuring Frames and Framing Effects -- Bertram T. Scheufele & Dietram A. Scheufele 6. The Oppositional Framing of Bloggers -- Stephen D. Cooper Part II: Perspectives on Framing Effects 7. Studying the Effects of Issue Framing on Public Opinion About Policy Issues: Does What We See Depend on How We Look? -- Paul R. Brewer & Kimberly Gross 8. Framing the Economy: Effects of Journalistic News Frames -- Claes de Vreese 9. Specificity, Complexity, and Validity: Rescuing Experimental Research on Framing Effects -- Dhavan V. Shah, Michael P. Boyle, Mike Schmierbach, Heejo Keum, & Cory L. Armstrong 10. Framing the Pictures in Our Heads: Exploring the Framing and Agenda-Setting Effects of Visual Images -- Renita Coleman Part III: Theoretical Integration in News Framing Analysis 11. Researching Political News Framing: Established Ground and New Horizons -- Regina G. Lawrence 12. Framing Analysis From a Rhetorical Perspective -- Jim A. Kuypers 13. Framing Through a Feminist Lens: A Tool in Support of an Activist Research Agenda -- Marie Hardin & Erin Whiteside 14. Framing Media Power -- Robert M. Entman 15. Conclusion: Arriving at the Horizons of News Framing Analysis-- Paul D’Angelo \"While some academics consider the framing concept past its prime, this volume shows how vibrant, diverse, and global framing research is. Conceptual tensions, the interplay between different actors’ frames, frames in the new and platform driven media landscape, and comparative challenges. All these fundamental perspectives areaddressed in this monumental and timely collection. A must read.\" –Claes de Vreese, Ph.D. Professor of Political Communication, University of Amsterdam. \"Paul D’Angelo puts on a command performance as editor, assembling a world-class team of researchers who make a definitive statement about how news framing research ought to be conducted—and the issues that arise in examining the lenses through which journalists produce news to an awaiting world. Part reflection on the craft of media research, part empirical demonstration, equal measures insightful, Doing Framing Analysis II should be on the shelf of every serious analyst of news.\" – Erik P. Bucy, Marshall and Sharleen Formby Regents Professor of Strategic Communication, Texas Tech University