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This paper estimates the effects on rural education of the send-down movement during the Cultural Revolution, when about 16 million urban youth were mandated to resettle in the countryside. Using a county-level dataset compiled from local gazetteers and population censuses, we show that greater exposure to the sent-down youths significantly increased rural children’s educational achievement. This positive effect diminished after the urban youth left the countryside in the late 1970s but never disappeared. Rural children who interacted with the sent-down youths were also more likely to pursue more-skilled occupations, marry later, and have smaller families than those who did not.

High grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBCL-DH) represents an uncommon B-cell lymphoma (BCL) with aggressive clinical courses and poor prognosis. Despite revolutionary therapeutic advances in BCL, there has been limited treatment progress in HGBCL-DH, thus necessitating additional therapeutic strategies for HGBCL-DH. This study demonstrated that the BET antagonist INCB057643 synergized with the XPO1 inhibitors (selinexor and eltanexor) to decrease cell viability and increase cell apoptosis in HGBCL-DH cells with or without TP53 mutations. As anticipated, the combined treatment of INCB057643 with selinexor slowed tumor growth and reduced the tumor burden in TP53-mutated HGBCL-DH xenografts. Mechanistically, MYC functional inhibition was a potential molecular mechanism underlying the synergy of the combined INCB057643 and selinexor treatment in HGBCL-DH cells independent of TP53 mutation status. In TP53 mutated HGBCL-DH cells, inducing DNA damage and impairing the DNA damage response (DDR) were involved in the therapeutic interaction of the combined regimen. In TP53 wild-type cells, the molecular mechanism was linked with upregulation of p53 levels and activation of its targeted pathways, rather than dysregulation of the DDR. Collectively, we might provide a potential promising combination therapy regimen for the management of HGBCL-DH. Clinical evaluations are warranted to confirm this conclusion.

The connecting rod assembly of a high-power low-speed diesel engine has high quality and high cost. If the connecting rod component is damaged, the whole machine may be paralyzed, resulting in serious economic losses and safety problems, so it is necessary to carry out strength analysis and structure optimization, reduce the failure rate, and increase its life. This paper takes the connecting rod of a low-speed diesel engine as the research object, builds the crank connecting rod mechanism model, and carries on the strength simulation analysis through professional simulation software. During this period, the accurate S-N curve of connecting rod material is obtained through a fatigue test, and the static strength test of the connecting rod assembly is carried out by an electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine. The numerical modeling is validated based on the test results. Therefore, the influence of the structural parameters of the cross-section and the large end transition fillet on the stress of the connecting rod is analyzed. The results show that optimizing matching between the large end fillet of the connecting rod and the long diameter of the rod section not only reduces the mass but also improves the safety factor. After optimizing the structure of the connecting rod, the mass of the connecting rod is reduced by 5.85%, the maximum stress is reduced by 13.7%, and the safety factor is increased by 16.0%. In addition, due to the low-speed diesel engine connecting rod assembly weight is big, and the simulation computation efficiency is low, this paper by studying the influence of the cross-section parameters of the rod body and the large end transition fillet on the stress of the connecting rod, fitted the empirical formula calculating the maximum stress of connecting rod, for this model and similar type in the conceptual design, technology design provides a new analysis method, improved the efficiency of structural optimization and strength analysis of connecting rod assembly, filled the research gap of strength analysis and structural optimization of low-speed diesel engine connecting rod.

Water is a vital resource for tree growth, and changes in plantation and canopy structure can affect stand transpiration (Ec), consequently influencing water use efficiency (WUE). Populus tomentosa is a fast-growing and productive timber species in China. In recent years, thinning combined with pruning has become a widely used silvicultural practice for timber management. However, its effect on water utilization has been less well studied. To address this gap, we designed experiments with two thinning intensities and three pruning treatments. Thermal dissipation probes were employed to monitor tree sap flow density (Js), and estimated Ec and canopy conductance (gc). We established a relationship between the canopy transpiration per unit leaf area (EL) and gc and climatic factors. Finally, we compared basal area increment (BAI) and WUE among treatments under different rainfall conditions. The results indicated that: (1) The pattern of transpiration changes was consistent at both the individual tree and stand level. (2) The combined effect of T1 (thinning intensity of 833 trees per hectare) and pruning reduced Ec, decreasing the sensitivity of tree transpiration to the climate, with no discernible impact on EL and gc. Conversely, T2 (thinning intensity of 416 trees per hectare) and pruning increased EL and gc but had no effect on Ec, enhancing the sensitivity of tree transpiration to the climate. The sensitivity of gc to VPD suggested a flexible stomatal regulation of transpiration under different combined thinning and pruning treatments. (3) Under T1, only P2 (4 m pruning from ground) promoted WUE, while pruning effects significantly reduced WUE under T2. Overall, the WUE of T2P0 (thinning intensity of 416 trees per hectare combined with no pruning) was significantly higher than that of the other treatments, and that of T1P0 (thinning intensity of 833 trees per hectare combined with no pruning) was significantly lower than that of the other treatments. Additionally, significant differences in Ec and BAI were observed among treatments under different rainfall conditions, with the promotion effect of Ec on BAI being more pronounced in the dry season.

With the increased power density of marine engines, traditional methods of using experimental correlations are no longer adequate. When using experimental methods, conducting multiple experiments is both costly and labor-intensive. This paper proposes a new analytical method based on the high frequency oscillatory cooling and combustion characteristics to calculate the piston temperature and the influence of oscillating cooling on the heat transfer characteristics of the piston. The combustion and cooling side boundary conditions are replaced by conducting cylinder full-process combustion and cooling chamber oscillation calculation analysis. The accuracy of the high frequency oscillatory cooling and combustion model is verified by piston temperature and single-cylinder engine experiment. The results show that compared with the relative movement of cooling oil to the piston, the cooling oil coverage can improve the convective heat transfer of the cooling chamber wall. Moreover, the average error of piston temperature field calculated by coupling method is only 2.08%, which is 34.8% of traditional, and the error fluctuation is only 0.48%, which is 7% of traditional. It shows that compared with traditional method, new method is more accurate in both accuracy and temperature distribution closer to reality. The innovative method delineated effectively solves the enduring challenge associated with inaccurate calculations of piston temperature resulting from using traditional methods, thereby substantially elevating the level of precision in the computational process.

On the eve of its economic reforms, China achieved a much higher secondary school enrollment rate than other countries with a similar per capita income at the time. This study investigates the source of this high enrollment rate by examining a massive expansion of rural schools during the Cultural Revolution that increased the number of secondary schools more than tenfold. We estimate the impact of the expansion by compiling a new county-level dataset from local gazetteers and exploiting the county-level variation in the speed of expansion for identification purposes. We provide strong evidence that the program significantly increased rural children’s years of schooling and suggestive evidence that teachers contributed more to this improvement than schools. By building a pool of middle-skilled labor years later, the expansion program boosted local agricultural yields and increased the productivity of the township and village enterprises that emerged after the reform. Finally, we find some evidence that this rapid expansion was associated with a deterioration in the quality of schooling.

Reasonable allocation of educational powers and expenditure responsibilities between central and local government is crucial to the development of education. The reason lies in the fact that local governments have relatively insufficient incentives to invest in education by using local fiscal revenues, while the central government, which pursues the maximization of the interests of the whole society, could promote education and other public services with spatial spilloves. The fiscal transfer payment has made up for the shortage of local investment in education. This paper uses 2010 census (micro data) and macro fiscal data to verify the effects above. Based on the year of birth and place, this paper constructs the proportion of fiscal transfers for compulsory education in the total fiscal revenue (local fiscal revenue and fiscal transfers) to reflect its structural effect. It is found that every 10% increase in the proportion of fiscal transfers brings at least additional 0.2 year of schoolings for local residents, and the effect of special transfer payments accounts for a larger share, among the three types of transfer payment. In the mechanism test, we find that transfer payment can effectively increase local education expenditure and produce an obvious structural effect. Based on this, in order to further improve the long-term educational performance of individuals, we believe that it is necessary to improve the incentive effect of the transfer payment system on common power and the division of expenditure responsibilities in the field of education.

At present, many therapeutic schemes have been used to improve the prognosis of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but response remains poor in a small group of patients. CD4 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been found in various autoimmune diseases. This study analyzed the characteristics of CD4 T cell mediated cytotoxicity in CML patients and healthy people. The cytotoxicity of CD4 T cells was tested in using two CML cell lines, including the MHC class II-deficient K562 cells and the MHC class II-expressing KU812 cells. CD4 T cell-mediated lysis was minimal in K562 cells but was much higher in KU812 cells. In CML patients, the level of CD4 T cell-mediated lysis was limited to a certain level. Interestingly, pre-treating KU812 cells with IFN-γ could significantly elevate the expression of MHC class II and elevate the level of CD4 T cell-mediated lysis. Overall, these data indicated CD4 T cells could become a potential candidate for cytotoxic elimination of CML cells.

The numerical simulation method is used to mimic the outflow field of 30 ° Ahmed model. The accuracy of the simulation method is verified by comparing with the wind tunnel test results. Based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the wind tunnel model, the impact of Ahmed on the structure is explored by combining the numerical simulation method of Ahmed model. The results show that the fold structure has more significant effect on lift and less effect on aerodynamic resistance.