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The aim of this article is to study the reality of sustainable development in Algeria for the period 2008-2018 through some economic, social and environmental indicators. It was based on a descriptive analytical method and a set of statistical indicators. The study concluded that Algeria is still far from achieving the goals of sustainable development, and we find many challenges, but what we confirm is that Algeria has the capabilities and resources that make it competitive in the developed countries in the field of sustainable development.

Laurus nobilis constitutes one of the usually studied Mediterranean trees due to its therapeutic effects, nutritional properties, and ornamental use. In the current investigation, a comparative study was conducted between two types of drying methods, a microwave-assisted drying (MWD) (from 180 to 900 W) and a conventional method (open-air and oven-drying using temperatures from 40 °C to 120 °C). Drying kinetics were carried out as a function of moisture content according to time. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) as well as reducing power of obtained products were determined. Kinetic results showed that the time required for dried bay leaves became shorter as temperature and microwave power increased; drying with the microwave was much more efficient than conventional methods (open-air and oven-drying). Antioxidants of the Laurus nobilis leaves were better conserved using open-air and microwave drying. Our results underlined a significant correlation between TPC and reducing power. Microwave drying using 300 W during 130 s was the most efficient combination that provided dried bay leaves with the highest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.

Margarine, an emulsion constituted mainly of fat up to 90%, is used for highly variable cooking purposes. The susceptibility of lipids to oxidation needs processing operations/strategies that increase their shelf life and resistance to high temperatures such as the addition of synthetic antioxidants. Due to the toxicity of these later, the demand and search for natural antioxidants are continuously increasing by consumers and industrials. In this study, the antioxidant potential of Moringa oleífera leaves extract (MOLE), obtained from dry leaves with 80% methanol, for stabilization of margarine was evaluated under accelerated storage (30 days at 65 °C). MOLE was added to margarine at 100, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg and compared with the control (no MOLE or additive) and reference margarine supplemented with a standard synthetic antioxidant (100 mg/kg of tocopheryl acetate). The progression of oxidation was monitored by analyzing the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation compounds as well as fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, and sterol profiles. The results revealed that 600 and 800 mg/kg MOLE were endowed with the highest antioxidant properties during accelerated storage of margarine. MOLE effectively reduced the peroxide and p -anisidine values as well as the induction time by Rancimat, even at 100 mg/kg. Color changes and degradation of fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (C18:2), were also statistically reduced. Interestingly, MOLE also exhibited a strong ability to protect endogenous α-tocopherol against oxidative degradation. It revealed also that MOLE expressed an effective antioxidant effect and increased the thermal stability of margarine under hot storage. Thus, the application of MOLE as a natural antioxidant can be of particular interest in lipid based agro-food industries.

Over 75% of clinical microbiological infections are caused by bacterial biofilms that grow on wounds or implantable medical devices. This work describes the development of a new poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC)/alginate-coated gold nanorod (GNR/Alg/PDADMAC) that effectively disintegrates the biofilms of ( ), a prominent pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. GNR was synthesised via seed-mediated growth method, and the resulting nanoparticles were coated first with Alg and then PDADMAC. FTIR, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis were performed to characterise the nanoparticles. The efficacy and speed of the non-coated GNR and GNR/Alg/PDADMAC in disintegrating -preformed biofilms, as well as their in vitro biocompatibility (L929 murine fibroblast) were then studied. The synthesised GNR/Alg/PDADMAC (mean length: 55.71 ± 1.15 nm, mean width: 23.70 ± 1.13 nm, aspect ratio: 2.35) was biocompatible and potent in eradicating preformed biofilms of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) when compared to triclosan, an antiseptic used for disinfecting colonisation on abiotic surfaces in the hospital. The minimum biofilm eradication concentrations of GNR/Alg/PDADMAC (MBEC for MRSA biofilm = 0.029 nM; MBEC for MSSA biofilm = 0.032 nM) were significantly lower than those of triclosan (MBEC for MRSA biofilm = 10,784 nM; MBEC for MRSA biofilm 5967 nM). Moreover, GNR/Alg/PDADMAC was effective in eradicating 50% of MRSA and MSSA biofilms within 17 min when used at a low concentration (0.15 nM), similar to triclosan at a much higher concentration (50 µM). Disintegration of MRSA and MSSA biofilms was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings support the potential application of GNR/Alg/PDADMAC as an alternative agent to conventional antiseptics and antibiotics for the eradication of medically important MRSA and MSSA biofilms.