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The Moving Ego and Moving Time metaphors have provided a fertile testing ground for the psychological reality of space–time metaphors. Despite this, little research has targeted the linguistic patterns used in these two mappings. To fill that gap, the current study uses corpus data to examine the use of motion verbs in two typologically different languages, English and Spanish. We first investigated the relative frequency of the two metaphors. Whereas we observed no difference in frequency in the Spanish data, our findings indicated that in English, Moving Time expressions are more prevalent than are Moving Ego expressions. Second, we focused on the patterns of use of the verbs themselves, asking whether well-known typological patterns in the expression of spatial motion would carry over to temporal motion. Specifically, we examined the frequencies of temporal uses of path and manner verbs in English and in Spanish. Contra the patterns observed in space, we observed a preference for path verbs in both languages, with this preference more strongly evident in English than in Spanish. In addition, our findings revealed greater use of motion verbs in temporal expressions in Spanish compared to English. These findings begin to outline constraints on the aspects of spatial conceptualization that are likely to be reused in the conceptualization of time.

Assuming that linguistic representation has been studied only by linguists using grammaticality judgments, Branigan & Pickering (B&P) present structural priming as a novel alternative. We show that their assumptions are incorrect for cognitive-functional linguistics, exposing converging perspectives on form/meaning pairings between generativists and cognitive-functional linguists that we hope will spark the cross-disciplinary discussion necessary to produce a cognitively plausible model of linguistic representation.

Does language influence recognition for spatial scenes? In Experiments 1 and 2, participants viewed ambiguous pictures, with or without spatial sentences. In a yes-no recognition task, only the spatial sentences group made more false alarms toward the center of the spatial category than in the other direction; three other comparison groups showed no such tendency. This shift toward the core of the semantic category suggests that spatial language interacted with perceptual information during encoding. In Experiment 3, we varied the materials to test the interactive encoding account against a separate encoding account in which separately stored sentences are accessed during picture recognition. The results support the interactive encoding account in which spatial language influences the encoding and memory of spatial relations.

In response to recommendations to redefine statistical significance to P ≤ 0.005, we propose that researchers should transparently report and justify all choices they make when designing a study, including the alpha level.

Abstract Do speakers think about the world differently depending on the language they speak? In recent years, this question has generated substantial interest in the cognitive sciences, driven in part by Talmy's (1985; 2000) observations regarding the typology of motion descriptions. However, a flurry of research (CIFUENTES-FEREZ; GENTNER, 2006; GENNARI et al., 2002; NAIGLES; TERRAZAS, 1998; PAPAFRAGOU; HULBERT; TRUESWELL, 2008; among others) has produced mixed results, leaving us no closer to understanding the role of language in motion event cognition. In this paper, I revisit the linguistic analysis, combining Talmy's observations with those of Slobin (2004) to refocus the question on the differential salience of Manner across languages. I then present results from three studies that suggest that cross-linguistic differences in the salience of Manner are connected to speakers' likelihood of encoding Manner information, in line with the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Resumen ¿Los hablantes reflejan sobre el mundo de manera diferente, dependiendo de la lengua que hablan? En los últimos años, esa pregunta hay generado interés substancial en las ciencias cognitivas, parcialmente motivado por las observaciones de Talmy (1985; 2000) con respecto de la tipología de las descripciones de movimiento. Sin embargo, variadas investigaciones (CIFUENTES-FÉREZ; GENTNER, 2006; GENNARI et al. 2002; NAIGLES; TERRAZAS, 1998; PAPAFRAGOU; HULBERT; TRUESWELL, 2008; entre otras) hay obtenido resultados diferenciados entre ellos, impidiéndolos de llegar próximo de la comprensión integral del role del lenguaje en la cognición de eventos de movimiento. En este artículo se hace una revisita a los análisis lingüísticos, combinando las observaciones de Talmy con las de Slobin (2004) para reconsiderar la cuestión del sobresaliente diferencial de Modo (Manner) entre las lenguas. Son presentados resultados de tres estudios que sugieren que las diferencias tras-lingüísticas en el sobresaliente Modo son relacionadas con las probabilidades de los hablantes codificaren informaciones sobre Modo, alineados con lo que postula el hipótesis de la Relatividad Lingüística. Resumo Os falantes refletem sobre o mundo de forma diferente, dependendo da língua que falam? Nos últimos anos, essa pergunta gerou um interesse substancial nas ciências cognitivas, parcialmente motivado pelas observações de Talmy (1985; 2000) a respeito da tipologia das descrições de movimento. Entretanto, variadas pesquisas (CIFUENTES-FEREZ; GENTNER, 2006; GENNARI et al. 2002; NAIGLES; TERRAZAS, 1998; PAPAFRAGOU; HULBERT; TRUESWELL, 2008; entre outras) obtiveram resultados diferenciados entre si, impedindo-nos de chegar próximo à compreensão integral do papel da linguagem na cognição de eventos de movimento. Neste artigo, faz-se uma revisita às análises linguísticas, combinando as observações de Talmy com as de Slobin (2004) para reconsiderar a questão da saliência diferencial de Modo (Manner) entre as línguas. Apresentam-se resultados de três estudos que sugerem que as diferenças translinguísticas na saliência de Modo são relacionadas à probabilidade de os falantes codificarem informações sobre Modo, alinhados com o que postula a hipótese da Relatividade Linguística.

In English, the Moving Ego metaphor conceptualizes the ego as moving forward through time and the Moving Time metaphor construes time as moving forward toward the ego. Recent research has provided evidence that people’s metaphorical perspectives on deictic time may be influenced by experiences—both spatial and non-spatial—that are connected to approach motivations (Moving Ego) and avoidance motivations (Moving Time). We extend this research further, asking whether there are differences in preferred temporal perspective between those who exhibit higher and lower degrees of power, as high power has been connected to approach motivations and low power, to avoidance motivations. Across two temporal tasks, participants in our study who adopted high-power poses demonstrated a greater preference for the Moving Ego perspective, compared to those adopting low-power poses. These results suggest an embodied connection between approach and avoidance motivations and the Moving Ego and Moving Time metaphors, respectively.

Previous attempts at characterizing the semantics of spatial terms are based on examinations of individual languages and place primary importance on either geometric or functional information. These attempts yield approaches to the meanings of spatial terms that cannot account for every use of a given term. Furthermore, these approaches are unable to provide an explanation for both the similarities and the variation evident in spatial terms across languages. In this dissertation, I describe a unified approach to the semantics of spatial terms motivated by an examination of their uses in multiple languages. I first present an elicitation study in which speakers of sixteen languages from twelve language families described a set of scenes which would be described using the prepositions in, on, or over in English. This study revealed that there are significant similarities in how languages encode the concepts contact, relative vertical position, and inclusion. I then present a set of experiments that look at the ways in which a few particular attributes of a scene affect speakers' uses of the English prepositions in and on. The experiments showed that geometry, function, and animacy of the Figure and the Ground all influence English speakers' choice between in and on, both individually and in concert with one another. I conclude from the results of the experiments that a representation of the semantics of spatial terms must take into account a complex set of interacting factors. Based on the cross-linguistic elicitation study and the set of experiments, I propose that the meanings of spatial terms are built from a universal set of weighted abstract attributes. The lexical entries of individual spatial terms are created by specifying the values for the attributes, as I illustrate with the English prepositions in and on. Because the meanings of all spatial terms are based upon the same set of abstract attributes, it is to be expected that similarities such as those identified in this dissertation will be found across diverse languages. Further, because each lexical entry individually specifies the values for the attributes, it is to be expected that these similarities will coexist with significant variation.

Preliminary design of a new installation concept of a drag-driven vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine is presented. The device consists of a three-bladed, wheel-shaped, turbine partially embedded in relatively shallow channel streambanks. It is envisioned to be installed along the outer banks of meandering rivers, where the flow velocity is increased, to maximize energy extraction. To test its applicability in natural streams, flume experiments were conducted to measure velocity around the turbine and power performance using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry and a controlled motor drive coupled with a torque transducer. The experiment results comprise the power coefficient, the spatial evolution of the mean velocity deficit, and a description of the flow structures generated by the turbine and responsible for the unsteadiness of the wake flow. Applying a triple decomposition on the Reynolds stresses, we identify the dominant contribution to such unsteadiness to be strongly associated with the blade passing frequency.

The metrology of attosecond pulse trains is based on a cross-correlation technique between a comb of extreme ultraviolet harmonics generated by the high-order harmonic generation process and a synchronised infrared field. The approach, usually referred to as reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT), allows one to recover the relative phase between the comb of consecutive odd harmonics, thus providing access to the attosecond temporal structure of the radiation. Seeded free-electron lasers have recently demonstrated the generation of combs consisting of even and odd harmonics of the seeding radiation. In this scheme, each harmonic is generated by an independent undulator (or set thereof), providing an additional degree of freedom in selecting the specific harmonics that make up the extreme ultraviolet comb. Here, we present results on the generation and temporal characterisation of a comb consisting of non-consecutive harmonics. The single-shot correlation analysis of the photoelectron spectra and the reordering of the single-shot data using an attosecond timing tool allow the reconstruction of the group delay dispersion of the harmonic comb and the temporal reconstruction of the attosecond pulse train. Attosecond pulse trains, crucial for ultrafast science, traditionally consist of only odd harmonics due to symmetry constraints in high-order harmonic generation. Here, the authors extend the RABBIT technique to analyze non-consecutive harmonics, enabling the temporal reconstruction of attosecond pulse trains and advancing metrology in extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy.